英語語法專題86:虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法,易看懂的考試難點!
本次英語語法專題我們學習「虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法」,具體內容如下:
條件句分為真實條件句和虛擬條件句。真實條件句所表示的假設是有可能實現的,而虛擬條件句所表示的假設不可能或不大可能發生。
一、真實條件句
這種條件句實現的可能性非常大,在條件句中常用現在的某種時態表示將來的時態。這些條件句常用if,unless,once,as/so long as,on condition that等引導。
例句:IfI have seen further than most men,it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.
如果我比大多數人看得遠一些,那是我站在巨人肩膀上的緣故。
例句:The eye is blind ifthe mind is absent.
心不在焉,就會視而不見。
例句:Man cannot find new oceans unlesshe has courage to lose sight of the shore.
人只有鼓起勇氣,告別海岸,才能發現新的大洋。
例句:As long asyou love it,you can keep it to your self.
只要你喜歡,你就可以留給自己。
二、虛擬條件句
虛擬條件句往往指不能實現的或假想的情況,可以對過去、現在或將來進行假想,分別用不同的動詞形式表示,主句也相應地用不同形式表示。
(一)對現在情況的虛擬
對現在情況的虛擬,條件句的謂語動詞用過去式,主句謂語動詞用「would/should/might/could+動詞原形」形式,表示對現在不可能實現的情況的假想。
例句:This wouldbe neither here nor there if it weren't for the observation that having an older mother seems to be independent risk factor for obesity.
如果不是留意到大齡母親似乎是導致肥胖症的一個獨立的風險因素的話,這一點倒也無關緊要。
例句:If wereyou,I would choose to work in a small town.
如果我是你,我會選擇在小城鎮工作。(事實顯然是你不是我)
例句:If it weren'tfor the rocks in its bed,the stream would have no song.
溪床如果沒有石塊,溪流就不會潺潺歌唱。(事實是溪床中有石塊)
例句:If I hada map now,we could easily get out of the forest.
如果現在有地圖,我們能很容易地走出森林。(事實是現在沒有地圖)
注意!在條件從句中,如果謂語動詞是be的形式,不管主語是單數還是複數,書面中用were,而口語如果是單數,也可以用was,不過在if I were...中一般用were。
例句:If the world wereperfect,how could we enjoy the pleasure and comfort of being successful ?
世界若完美,我們如何能享受創造成功的快感?
例句:If a beard werea sign of smartness,the goat would be a Socrates.
如果鬍子就是知識的象徵,那麼山羊也會成為蘇格拉底。
例句:If there wereno music,the world would be very dull.
如果沒有音樂,世界將會非常單調。
(二)對過去情況的虛擬
對過去情況虛擬的條件從句中謂語動詞用過去完成式,主句中「would/should/might/could+have+動詞的過去分詞」形式。
例句:Mary couldn't have receivedmy letter,or/otherwise she would have replied/made a reply to me last week.
瑪麗肯定沒有收到我的信,否則她上周就該回信了。
例句:If it had not beenfor your help yesterday,I couldn't have caught the bus.
如果昨天沒有你的幫忙,我不會趕上公交車。(事實是你昨天已經幫助了我,所以我趕上了火車。)
例句:I should (would) never have doneit if I hadn't been so hard up.
如果不是手頭如此拮据,我是不會那樣做得。
例句:Hadit not been for their support,we couldn't have won the election.
要不是他們的支持,我們不可能贏得選舉。
(三)對將來情況的虛擬
在表示與將來事實相反的條件從句中,謂語動詞可用should do,were to do或動詞的過去式三種形式表示,但意義略有不同。Should表示的可能性最大,動詞過去式的可能性次之,were to do的可能性最小。
例句:If things wereto be twice,all would be wise.
假如凡事都可以重新做一次,人人皆可成為智者。(事實是並不是所有的事都可以重新做一次。)
例句:If we should cometomorrow,we would meet the general manager.
如果我們明天能來,就能見到總經理。(事實是明天很可能不來)
(四)錯綜時間條件句
一些條件句的主句謂語和從句謂語表示的動作在時間上並不一致,這類句子稱為錯綜時間條件句。
例句:If you had takenmy advice then,you wouldn't be in trouble now.
如果當時聽我勸,你現在就不會有麻煩了。(if條件句是對過去的虛擬,故用過去完成時,而主句是對現在的虛擬,故用「would+動詞原形」形式。)
例句:「I really feel like I failed them,」he says.「If I wasa better teacher maybe I could have reached them.」
「我確實感到是我耽誤了他們,」他說。「如果我是個更優秀的老師,也許我就能打動他們了。」(本句中,從句部分是對現在的虛擬,而主句部分則是對過去的虛擬。)
例句:If it had rainedlast night,it might be very cold today.
如果昨晚下雨的話,今天就會很冷了。(if條件句是對過去的虛擬語氣,故用過去完成時,而主句是對現在的虛擬,故用「might+動詞原形」形式。)
(五)含蓄條件句
一些句子雖不含條件從句,但意思和條件句相差不多,這種句子稱為「含蓄條件句」,這種句子有時候會用虛擬語氣。
例句:But for mobile phones,our communication would not have beenso efficient and convenient.
如果不是有了行動電話,我們的通信就不可能如此迅速和方便。
例句:By that logic,2006 should have beena breakthrough year for rational behavior.
依此邏輯,2006年本應該是人類能夠採取合理行為的突破年。
例句:Without electricity,the world would bedark.(=If there were no electricity,the world would be dark.)
如果沒有電,世界將會一片黑暗。
例句:I might have givenyou more help,but I was too busy.
我本應能多幫你一些的,但當時太忙了。
注意!主句中would,should,could,might的選擇
①would/should表示「會」,would用於各人稱,should主要用於第一人稱。Could表示「能夠」,might表示「有可能」。
例句:If you tried again,you wouldsucceed.
如果你再試一次,你會成功的。
例句:If you tried again,you couldsucceed.
如果你再試一次,你就能成功的。
例句:If you tried again,you mightsucceed.
如果你再試一次,你或許會成功的。
②在虛擬條件句中如果有were,had,should,可以將if去掉,然後把were,had,should提到主語前面。
例句:If time were to goback,I would work double hard.
→Weretime to go back,I would work double hard.
如果時光能倒流,我會加倍努力。
例句:If I had workedhard,I would have surely succeeded.
→HadI worked hard,I would have surely succeeded.
如果我當時努力學習的話,我肯定會成功的。
例句:If it shouldbe fine tomorrow,we would go for an outing.
→Shouldit be fine tomorrow,we would go for an outing.
假如明天天氣好的話,我們就去郊遊。
以上就是本次專題「虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法」,下面是復盤導圖。咱們一定要結合例句學習語法,這樣更容易理解和實操英語!
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