十三屆全國人大三次會議5月28日表決通過了《全國人民代表大會關於建立健全香港特別行政區維護國家安全的法律制度和執行機制的決定》。香港特區政府、各界團體和人士紛紛表示歡迎和支持，將全力配合儘快完成相關立法工作，維護國家安全、守護香港。On May 28, the 13th National People’s Congress (NPC) adopted at its Third Session the NPC Decision on Establishing and Improving the Legal System and Enforcement Mechanisms for Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). The HKSAR government and various social groups and individuals in Hong Kong have welcomed and supported the decision, and pledged to facilitate the early completion of the legislative process with maximum efforts to safeguard national security and protect Hong Kong.
香港金紫荊廣場的國旗和特區區旗（圖片來源：新華社）
很多國家和國際人士認為,中國涉港國家安全立法符合法律法理、情勢需要、人民期待、國際慣例，任何希望香港明天更好的人都應支持中國全國人大的決定。但極個別外國政客妄加評論、橫加指責，粗暴幹涉香港事務和中國內政。我們梳理了6個有代表性的謬論，以下是你需要知道的事實真相。It is a view widely shared in the global community that China’s national security legislation for Hong Kong is legally sound and consistent with international common practices. It is driven by the situation on the ground and meets the aspiration of the people. Anyone who wishes Hong Kong a better future would support the NPC’s decision. However, a handful of foreign politicians are going all out to make unwarranted accusations and blatantly interfere in Hong Kong-related affairs, which are purely China’s internal affairs. The following are the six typical falsehoods about the legislation and the facts that you need to know.
謬論1：中國推進涉港國家安全立法沒有法理依據，是把法律強加於香港。Falsehood #1: It is not legitimate for China to enact national security legislation for Hong Kong or, in other words, to impose it on Hong Kong.
事實：維護國家安全歷來是各國中央事權。中國中央政府對維護國家安全負有最大和最終的責任。世界上任何國家，無論實行單一制還是聯邦制，國家安全立法都屬於國家立法權力。全國人大是中國最高權力機關。The truth is: The Central Government of China holds the primary and ultimate responsibility for national security, as is the case in any other country. In all countries, unitary and federal alike, the power to legislate on national security rests solely with the central government. And the NPC is the highest organ of state power in China.
◆澳大利亞有2部國安法，英國有3部，加拿大有5部，而僅美國一家就有多達20部。◆Australia has two national security laws, the United Kingdom has three, Canada has five, and the United States alone has more than 20 such laws.
◆中國憲法第31條規定，「國家在必要時得設立特別行政區，在特別行政區內實行的制度按具體情況由全國人民代表大會以法律規定」。全國人大作為國家最高權力機關，有權力也有責任依據憲法和基本法，根據香港特區的實際情況和需要履行維護國家安全的憲制責任，包括制定與香港特區有關的維護國家安全法律，構建有關法律制度和執行機制。全國人大作出有關決定具有堅實法律基礎和最高法律效力。◆Article 31 of the Chinese Constitution stipulates that, 「The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the National People’s Congress in the light of the specific conditions.」 As the highest organ of state power, the NPC has both the power and obligation to fulfill its constitutional duty of safeguarding national security in accordance with the Constitution and the Basic Law based on the reality and needs of the HKSAR. The duty includes enacting national security legislation for the HKSAR and establishing relevant legal system and enforcement mechanisms. The recent decision of the NPC has solid legal grounds and the highest legal effect.
◆國家安全立法屬於國家立法權。中央政府通過基本法第23條授予香港特別行政區維護國家安全的部分立法權力，這是在「一國兩制」下作出的極特殊安排，但這不改變國家安全立法是中央事權的屬性，也不影響中央根據實際情況和需要繼續建構維護國家安全的法律制度和執行機制。◆Legislation on national security falls within a state’s legislative power. Through Article 23 of the Basic Law, the Central Government grants the HKSAR certain legislative power on safeguarding national security, which is a very special arrangement under 「one country, two systems」. However, it does not change the fact that national security legislation is essentially within the purview of the Central Government, nor does it prevent the Central Government from further developing a legal system and enforcement mechanisms for safeguarding national security in light of the actual situation and needs.
謬論2：中國此時推進涉港國安立法毫無必要。Falsehood #2: It is not necessary for China to take the action at the moment.
事實：從國家層面建立健全香港特區維護國家安全的法律制度和執行機制，是形勢所迫，也是確保「一國兩制」行穩致遠的治本之策，勢在必行，刻不容緩。The truth is: The current situation makes it imperative to establish and improve, at the state level, the legal system and enforcement mechanisms for safeguarding national security in the HKSAR. The decision is fundamental to the enduring success of 「one country, two systems」 and is of the greatest urgency.
◆基本法第23條授權香港特別行政區就維護國家安全自行立法，但回歸近23年來，由於反中亂港勢力和外部敵對勢力的極力阻撓、幹擾，相關立法仍未完成，香港特別行政區完成23條立法實際上已經很困難。◆Article 23 of the Basic Law stipulates that the HKSAR shall enact laws on its own to safeguard national security. Nearly 23 years after Hong Kong’s return to China, however, the relevant legislative process is still not materialized due to the sabotage and obstruction by anti-China, destabilizing elements in Hong Kong as well as hostile forces from the outside. Given this situation, it has become quite difficult, if not impossible, for the HKSAR to enact the relevant laws on its own.
◆一段時間以來，香港特別行政區危害國家安全的各種活動愈演愈烈，保持香港長期繁榮穩定、維護國家安全面臨著不容忽視的風險。特別是2019年香港發生「修例風波」以來，「港獨」和激進分離勢力活動日益猖獗，暴力恐怖活動不斷升級，香港分裂分子甚至公開打出請求外國對華制裁甚至邀請美軍登陸香港的旗號，同時外部幹預勢力和「臺獨」勢力赤裸裸地加大幹預香港事務，嚴重挑戰「一國兩制」原則底線，嚴重損害法治，嚴重危害國家主權、安全、發展利益，必須採取有力措施依法予以防範、制止和懲治。◆Over the past weeks and months, activities that endanger national security have intensified in the HKSAR, posing notable risks to the long-term prosperity and stability of the Hong Kong and to the security of the country. In particular, since the turbulence over the amendment bill in 2019, the 「Hong Kong independence」 and radical separatist forces have become further emboldened and escalated their violent terrorist activities. Some separatists even made a public appeal for foreign sanctions against China and invited the US military to Hong Kong. External forces and 「Taiwan independence」 forces have blatantly ramped up intervention in Hong Kong affairs, which seriously challenges the 「one country, two systems」 principle, gravely undermines Hong Kong’s law and order, and poses real threats to the country’s sovereignty, security and development interests. Forceful measures are therefore required to prevent, forestall and punish these acts.
謬論3：涉港國安立法將破壞「一國兩制」。Falsehood #3: The legislation will undermine 「one country, two systems」.
事實：恰恰相反，有關立法將保障「一國兩制」行穩致遠。全國人大有關決定，開宗明義闡明國家堅定不移並全面準確貫徹「一國兩制」、「港人治港」、高度自治的方針。The truth is: On the contrary, the legislation will ensure the successful implementation of 「one country, two systems」. Article 1 of the NPC’s decision states clearly that the country will unswervingly, fully and faithfully implement the principles of 「one country, two systems」, 「the people of Hong Kong administering Hong Kong」 and a high degree of autonomy.
◆「一國」是實行「兩制」的前提和基礎，「兩制」從屬和派生於「一國」並統一於「一國」之內。「一國」是根、是本。如果「一國」原則出現動搖，「兩制」就無從談起。香港出現亂象，一個重要原因是反中亂港和外部勢力無視「一國」之本，挑戰「一國兩制」的原則底線。◆「One country」 is the precondition and basis of 「two systems」, while 「two systems」 is subordinate to and derived from 「one country」. 「One country」 is the foundation. Should the principle of 「one country」 be undermined, 「two systems」 would be impossible to practice. One important reason for the turbulence in Hong Kong is that the anti-China, destabilizing elements in Hong Kong and external forces have shown no regard for 「one country」 as the foundation and challenged the bottom line of the 「one country, two systems」 principle.
◆中國涉港國家安全立法後，「一國兩制」方針不會變，香港實行的資本主義制度不會變，高度自治不會變，特區法律制度不會變，特區行政管理權、立法權、獨立的司法權和終審權也不會受到影響。◆The legislation for Hong Kong will not change the 「one country, two systems」 principle. It will not change the capitalist system or the high degree of autonomy practiced in Hong Kong. It will not change the legal system in the HKSAR. Nor will it affect the HKSAR’s executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication.
謬論4：涉港國安立法違反《中英聯合聲明》，違反中方國際義務。Falsehood #4: The legislation will be a violation of China’s international obligations under the Sino-British Joint Declaration.
事實：中國政府治理香港的法律依據是中國憲法和香港基本法，與《中英聯合聲明》無關。隨著1997年香港回歸中國，《中英聯合聲明》中所規定的與英方有關的條款已全部履行完畢。《中英聯合聲明》關於對港的基本方針政策是中方的政策宣示，已充分體現在全國人大所制定的基本法中。中方有關政策宣示不是對英方的承諾，而且這些政策都沒有改變，中方會繼續堅持。The truth is: The legal basis for the Chinese government to govern Hong Kong is the Chinese Constitution and the Basic Law of the HKSAR. The Sino-British Joint Declaration is not relevant in this regard. As China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997, all provisions concerning the UK under the Joint Declaration had been fulfilled. The basic policies regarding Hong Kong stated by China in the Joint Declaration are not commitments to the UK, but China’s declaration of its policies, which have since been fully embodied in the Basic Law enacted by the NPC. These policies have not changed; they will continue to be upheld by China.
◆憲法是中國的根本大法，具有最高法律地位和效力，是特別行政區制度和香港基本法的法律淵源。基本法序言中明確指出，「根據中華人民共和國憲法，全國人大制定香港基本法,規定特區實行的制度，以保障國家對香港的基本方針政策的實施。」◆The Constitution, as the fundamental law of China, has supreme legal status and authority. It forms the legal basis for the establishment of special administrative regions and the formulation of the Basic Law of the HKSAR. It is clearly stipulated in the Preamble of the Basic Law that in accordance with China’s Constitution, the NPC enacts Hong Kong’s Basic Law, 「prescribing the systems to be practiced in the Hong Kong SAR, in order to ensure the implementation of the basic policies of the People’s Republic of China regarding Hong Kong」.
◆《中英聯合聲明》是中英間關於中國收回香港及有關過渡期安排的重要文件，共有8條正文和3個附件。第1條規定中國對香港恢復行使主權，第2條規定英國將香港交還給中國。香港回歸後，這兩條已同時履行完畢。第3條及附件一是關於中方對香港基本方針政策的原則闡述及具體說明，系中方的政策宣示。第4至6條和附件二、附件三規定兩國在回歸過渡期的有關安排。第7、8條是關於實施和生效的條款。與英方有關的條款隨著香港回歸和各項後續工作的完成已經都履行完畢。◆The Sino-British Joint Declaration is an important document concerning China’s recovery of Hong Kong and relevant arrangements during the transitional period. It consists of eight paragraphs and three annexes. Paragraph 1 is about China resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong. Paragraph 2 is about the UK restoring Hong Kong to China. Both paragraphs were fulfilled with Hong Kong’s return. Paragraph 3 and Annex I are declaration and elaboration of China’s basic policies regarding Hong Kong. Paragraphs 4 to 6 and Annex II and III stipulate arrangements during the transitional period. Paragraphs 7 and 8 are about the Joint Declaration’s implementation and entry into force. With the return of Hong Kong and the completion of follow-up matters, all UK-related provisions have been fulfilled.
◆《中英聯合聲明》沒有賦予英國在香港回歸後對香港承擔任何責任和幹預香港事務的權利。英方對回歸後的香港無主權、無治權、無監督權。《中英聯合聲明》為中英雙邊文件，不涉及其他國家，與第三國無關。主權平等、不幹涉內政是國際法和國際關係的基本準則，其他國家和組織無權假借《中英聯合聲明》幹涉香港事務。◆The Joint Declaration does not assign the UK any responsibility over Hong Kong nor give it any right to intervene in Hong Kong affairs after the handover. The UK has no sovereignty, jurisdiction or 「right of supervision」 over Hong Kong after its return. The Joint Declaration is a bilateral instrument between China and the UK; it does not involve any other country or has anything to do with a third country. Sovereign equality and non-interference are enshrined in international law and are basic norms of international relations. Other countries and organizations have no right to meddle in Hong Kong affairs on the grounds of the Joint Declaration.
謬論5：涉港國安立法將影響香港居民的權利和自由。Falsehood #5: The legislation will affect the rights and freedoms of Hong Kong residents.
事實：有關立法不僅不會影響香港居民依法所享有的各項權利和自由，而且會使香港廣大居民的合法權利和自由在安全環境下得到更好行使。The truth is: The legislation will not affect the rights and freedoms Hong Kong residents enjoy under the law; it will enable them to enjoy their lawful rights and freedoms in a safe environment.
◆維護國家安全同尊重保障人權，從根本上來說是一致的。全國人大通過有關決定授權全國人大常委會制定有關法律，針對的只是那些分裂國家、顛覆國家政權、組織實施恐怖活動等嚴重危害國家安全的行為和活動以及外國和境外勢力幹預香港特別行政區事務的活動。對絕大多數在港愛港、遵紀守法的香港居民和外國人士而言，完全沒有必要「杞人憂天」、對號入座。◆Fundamentally speaking, safeguarding national security and protecting human rights do not conflict with each other. The NPC’s decision targets only acts of secession, subverting state power and organizing and carrying out terrorist activities that seriously jeopardize national security as well as interference in the HKSAR affairs by external forces. For the majority of law-abiding residents and foreigners in Hong Kong who love the city, there is no need to worry that they might be unfavorably impacted.
◆任何維護國家安全的工作和執法，都將嚴格依照法律規定、符合法定職權、遵循法定程序，不會侵犯香港居民、法人和其他組織的合法權益。◆All work and law enforcement efforts to safeguard national security will be conducted strictly in accordance with legal provisions, mandates and procedures, without prejudice to the lawful rights and interests of Hong Kong residents, legal persons and other organizations.
謬論6：涉港國安立法將影響香港營商環境和國際金融中心地位。Falsehood #6: The legislation will erode Hong Kong’s business environment and undermine its position as a global financial center.
事實：有關立法將使香港有更加完備的法律體系、更加穩定的社會秩序、更加良好的法治和營商環境，將更有利於維護香港的金融、貿易和航運中心地位。The truth is: The legislation will improve Hong Kong’s legal system and bring more stability, stronger rule of law and a better business environment to Hong Kong. It will bolster Hong Kong’s position as a global financial, trading and shipping center.
◆國家安全有保障，社會才會安定有序，香港的繁榮穩定才有基礎；香港大門洞開，國家安全漏洞百出，香港社會亂象橫生、動蕩不安，投資者的信心勢必受到嚴重影響。比如，「修例風波」使香港痛失保持了25年的全球最自由經濟體地位，GDP十年來首次出現負增長，失業率創下近十年新高。◆Only when national security is ensured can the community in Hong Kong enjoy law and order and Hong Kong’s prosperity and stability be assured. If Hong Kong is fraught with national security loopholes and plagued by social unrest, investor confidence will be eroded. The turbulence over the amendment bill since last year has cost Hong Kong the title of the world’s freest economy, a title it had held for 25 years. Its GDP contracted for the first time in a decade and unemployment hit a record high in nearly 10 years.
◆有關立法不僅不影響外國投資者在香港的正當權益，反而有利於保障各國企業依法經營和商務往來；消除本地和外國商界人士對「暴恐」等香港社會亂象的極度擔憂，為外國投資者營造法治更加健全、預期更加穩定可靠的營商環境。◆The legislation will not affect the legitimate interests of foreign investors. It will afford better protection to their law-based operations and commercial ties, alleviate the grave concern in the local and foreign business communities about debilitating violence, and create a more reliable and stable law-based business environment for foreign investors.
◆澳門特別行政區2009年按照基本法第23條通過維護國家安全法。從2009年到2019年，澳門GDP增長了153%，遊客數量增長了81%，總體失業率降至十年內最低。◆In 2009, the Macao Special Administrative Region passed a national security law under Article 23 of the Basic Law of the Macao SAR. Between 2009 and 2019, Macao’s GDP grew by 153 percent, the number of inbound tourists increased by 81 percent, and the overall unemployment rate hit a record low in a decade.
來源：外交部官網