簡單句第七節:主謂一致的兩個問題:什麼時候用單數謂語?什麼時候用複數謂語?
魯華奇
【知識點】
16. 主謂一致的基本規律是什麼?
一般情況下,單數主語配單數謂語,複數主語配複數謂語。
(1) Still I unwillingto play the games with them sometimes. I didn’t realize how right my parents was until I entered high school.
(解析:根據主謂一致和前後時態一致原則,第一句缺謂語動詞was; 第二句從句為複數主語my parents,應該配複數謂語were,全句改為:Still I was unwillingto play the games with them sometimes. I didn’t realize how right my parents were until I entered high school.)
(2) When summer came, they will invite their students pickthe fresh vegetables!
(解析:根據主謂一致和前後時態一致原則,狀語從句中,用一般現在時表將來時,故單數主語summer配單數謂語comes, 此外,主句中已經有謂語動詞will invite, 主句中的其他動詞就須用非謂語形式,不定式表將來,故改為to pick, 全句改為:When summer comes, they will invite their students topickthe fresh vegetables!)
(3) My uncle tellme that the key to his success is honest.
(解析:單數主語my uncle配單數動詞tells;根據語境,honest「誠實的」改為honesty「誠實,誠信」,全句改為:My uncle tellsme that the key to his success is honesty.)
(4) My dream school starts at 8:30 a.m. and endat 3:30 p.m.
(解析:由and知道end和starts一樣是並列的謂語,和主語my dream school保持一致,全句改為:My dream school starts at 8:30 a.m. and endsat 3:30 p.m.)
(5) My dream school looklike a big garden.
(解析:根據主謂一致原則,look改為looks, 全句改為:My dream school lookslike a big garden.)
17. 主謂一致有哪些例外情況?
17.1. 以-s結尾的名詞作主語的主謂一致
(1) 以-s結尾的疾病名稱和遊戲名稱
Diabetes(糖尿病),arthritis(關節炎)等,這類名詞通常作單數用,謂語用單數。
Arthritis area disease causing pain in the joints of the body.
(解析:以-s結尾的疾病名稱做單數主語用,故are改為is, 全句改為:Arthritis isa disease causing pain in the joints of the body.)
(2) 以-ics結尾的學科名稱
Physics, mathematics, mechanics, politics, statistics(統計學), economics(經濟學), athletics(體育)等通常作單數用,謂語用單數。
Physics arean important subject in middle schools.
(解析:以-ics結尾的學科名稱做單數主語用,故are改為is, 全句改為:Physics isan important subject in middle schools.)
(3) 以-s結尾的地理名稱
The United states, the United Nations等作為國名表示單一的政治實體,通常作單數用,謂語用單數。
The United States area great country.
(解析:The United state作為國名表示單一的政治實體,做單數主語用,故are改為is, 全句改為:The United States isa great country.)
但若不是國名,而是群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布等地理名稱,通常作複數用,謂語用複數。
The Himalayas hasa variety of plants and animals.
(解析:The Himalayas不是單一的政治實體,做複數主語用,故has改為have, 全句改為:The Himalayas havea variety of plants and animals.)
The Niagara Falls isthe most famous waterfall in the world.
(解析:同理is改為are, 全句改為:The Niagara Falls arethe most famous waterfall in the world.)
(4) 其他以-s結尾的名詞
成雙成對的單詞如:Scissors(剪刀,有兩個刀片), glasses(眼鏡), shorts(短褲), trousers(褲子), pants(褲子)等通常作複數用,謂語用複數。
Joe’s new pants isblack.
(解析:pants一般當複數主語用,故is改為are, 全句改為:Joe’s new pants areblack.)
(5) Means(方法,手段), series(系列), species(種類), headquarters(總部)等詞是作為複數主語還是單數主語取決於他們在語境中的實際應用情況。
All means hasbeen tried out.
(解析:語境中有all, 故all means當複數主語用,has改為have, 全句改為:All means havebeen tried out.)
The only means to achieve success areto work hard.
(解析:由the only「唯一的」可知主語the only means做單數主語用,全句改為:The only means to achieve success isto work hard.)
A new species havebeen found.
(解析:根據語境a new species「一個新物種」做單數主語用,全句改為:A new specieshasbeen found.)
About 55 species of fish isdiscovered.
(解析:根據語境55 species of fish「55種魚」做複數主語用,故全句改為:About 55 species of fish arediscovered.)
17.2. 以集體名詞作主語的主謂一致
(1) 通常作複數的集體名詞,謂語用複數。
Police, people, cattle, poultry(家禽)
Cattle providesus with milk and beef.
(解析:cattle通常做複數主語,故全句改為:Cattle provideus with milk and beef.)
(2) 通常作不可數名詞的集體名詞,謂語用單數。
Machinery(機器), equipment(設備),furniture(家具),merchandise(商品)等
All the machinery in the factory aremade in China.
(解析:machinery為抽象名詞,通常做單數主語,配單數謂語,全句改為:All the machinery in the factory ismade in China.)
(3) 即可作單數也可作複數的集體名詞
audience(觀眾),committee(委員會),class, family, government, public, crew(全體船員或機組人員)等
若該名詞表示的集體視為一個整體,則動詞用單數
The committee areresponsible for the safety of the school.
(解析:根據語境,the committee視為一個整體,做單數主語用,應配單數謂語,全句改為:The committee isresponsible for the safety of the school.)
若將側重點放在組成集體的成員上,則動詞用複數
My family isdoing their own things.
(解析:根據語境their可知my family側重家庭的成員,做複數主語用,應配複數謂語,全句改為:My family aredoing their own things.)
【練一練】
1. The football team (is, are) being reorganized.
(解析:足球隊作為一個整體,故選is)
2. The football team (is, are) having baths and (is, are) then coming back here for tea.
(解析:足球隊成員們正在洗澡然後回來喝茶,故選are)
3. The government (is, are) doing its best to improve the environment.
(解析:後面its顯示government作為一個整體,故選is)
4. The government (has, have) discussed the matter for a long time.
(解析:側重政府裡的成員討論了那個事情,故選have)
5. The class (is, are) taking notes with their pens.
(解析:後面的their顯示側重班裡的同學們,故選are)
6. The public (is, are) very concerned about the children’s education.
(解析:側重公眾裡的成員在做動作,他們關心孩子的教育,故選are)
7. The public (has, have) a right to know what is contained in the report.
(解析:公眾擁有了解報告內容的權利,作為一個整體來說的,故選has)
總結:如果語境側重集體名詞中成員在做某動作,如洗澡,記筆記,討論等,那麼側重點就放在組成集體的成員上了,這時謂語用複數。
【練一練】