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高考英語短文改錯技巧精講
短文改錯
概況：
從近幾年的高考短文改錯來看，一篇120詞左右的短文中共有10處錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。錯誤涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個漏詞符號(∧)，並在其下面寫出該加的詞。刪除：把多餘的詞用斜線(\)劃掉。修改：在錯的詞下畫一橫線，並在該詞下面寫出修改後的詞。
考查能力：
短文改錯的目的是測試考生發現、判斷、糾正一些詞法、句法以及語篇中的行文邏輯等方面錯誤的能力。它既能考查考生的詞彙和語法方面的能力，也能考查考生的閱讀理解能力。其考查要點的主要方面有：
一、詞類錯誤
詞類：
V：
考點：
例題：
1. Charles and Linda were seeing near the top of the building.________
2. Books may be keep for four weeks.________
3. ....and let you know when the book you want has returned.________
4. Uncle Ben will also go back for Christmas.________
5. They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.________
6. David and I wanted go off to find help but Bill insisted on staying near the car.________
7. ...rather than go into the forest and getting lost.________
8. Modern people know more about health，have better food，and to live in clearer surroundings.________
9. you pay the cost of send a postcard，the librarian will write to you.________
N：
考點：
例題：
10. We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters from a stream.________
11. There are branch library in many villages.________
12. I hope that you two could come and visit us some times soon.________
13. They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question.________
Adj/adv:
考點：
互換（+ly）；變形；原級，比較級，最高級
例題：
14. Last Sunday，police cars hurried to the taller building in New York.________
15. As a result，people in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past.________
代詞：
考點：
例題：
16. David pointed to a path which it he thought would probably lead to a village.________
17. When we walked to the car，Bill smiled and shook head.________
18. We climb everywhere，not only in America. They have been to Europe many times.________
19. The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.________
介詞：
考點：
例題：
20. Bill insisted in staying near the car.________
21. When they came down，the police were angry to them.________
22. Most people can quickly get for help from a doctor or go to a hospital since they are ill._______
冠詞：
考點：
例題：
23. After a hour or so we began to feel very frightened.________
24. I decided to climb the tree to see where we were.________
25. Good health is person’s most valuable possession.________
26. Maybe you could come during a winter holidays.________
27. Suddenly，I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.________
連詞：（如下）
二、句類錯誤
句類錯誤包括：主謂一致；各種從句的引導詞；強調句型；句子結構的連貫性、完整性、對等性及邏輯性。
主謂一致
對主謂一致的考查主要根據語法、意義、就近、就遠等一致原則，判斷人稱和數是否與主語保持一致。
1.Today，I am going to talk with (about) what you should do when a fire alarm go off.________
連接詞
考點：
2.People would like to take part in this contest should go to the office of the Students』 Union and sign up.________
句子成分贅餘
考點：
句子成分贅餘一般有如下幾種類型：
(1)受母語思維影響，出現漢語式結構，造成冗言；
(2)不明詞義內涵，造成詞義重疊；
(3)介詞多餘；(4)助動詞、系動詞多餘；(5)多冠詞；(6)定語從句中成分重複；
(7)程度副詞和頻率副詞，如much，more，often等的多餘；(8)小品詞to多餘等。
3.If you notice that when someone is missing and (or) hurt，tell your teacher immediately.________
4.缺詞錯誤
考點：
缺詞現象常見的有：
(1)缺系動詞；(2)缺介詞；(3)缺冠詞、物主代詞等限定詞；(4)在定語從句中缺關係代詞或關係副詞；(5)缺連接詞；(6)缺否定詞；(7)缺不定式符號to等。
4.He wanted teach me about animals，insects and trees.________
三、篇類錯誤
語篇型錯誤測試包括：
上下文中時態是否一致；上下文中代詞是否一致；上下文中邏輯是否一致；上下文中詞、詞組、從句的替代是否正確。
1.I was taking a train to London’s Victoria Station. I had noticed that the carriage was noise (noisy) and filled with people.________
2.Then everyone in the carriage began searching (∧ for) the ticket，which was eventually found under a seat several rows from his owner.________
3.As (∧ a) result，the plants are growing somewhere.________
易錯點1平行結構中的錯誤
(1)We tried to fix it and there was nothing we could do.
(2)We can lie on the grass for a rest，or sat by the lake listening (∧ to) music.
【即時小練】
(1)It is a very important exam but I can’t afford to fail it.________
(2)It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest.________
(3)I’m the captain of our school team so with my fellow players we』ve won several games.________
(4)The understanding between two friends mean (means) both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other.________
以題說法
在表達相互平行的概念時，要使用相同的語法結構。
平行結構經常藉助於並列連詞and，but，or或連詞詞組not only...but also...，not...but...，either...or...，neither...nor...，as well as等。
突破指南
平行結構中的錯誤主要是行文邏輯上的錯誤，解答此類題目的關鍵是翻譯成漢語，注意上下文含義；其次是對此類連詞敏感，見到它們首先考慮前後形式一致。
易錯點2從句與並列句的錯誤
I told Mother，Father，Sister，all my friends here what a great time I had.
【即時小練】
This would save the life of many animals，some of them have almost died out.________
以題說法
句子與句子之間的逗號只起間隔作用，不能連接句子，所以要注意從句與並列句的辨別。
突破指南
遇到此類題目，觀察逗號後面有無連詞，沒有的話，添加適當的連詞，或者把其中一句變為從句。
易錯點3動詞時態與語態的錯誤
John always gets up too late, and never had enough time for breakfast.
【即時小練】
(1)We were driving along a narrow road when the car stop...________
(2)Also，scientists and doctors had learned how to deal with many diseases.________
(3)If the book you will want is out，you may ask for it to be called back for you.________
以題說法
根據句中can一詞，可以看出左面題目中的時態是一般現在時，所以出現的時態錯誤。
突破指南
動詞時態考點主要涉及一般現在時與一般過去時的區別，其命題方式通常是在一個一般現在時的背景下誤用某個一般過去時；或者反過來，在一個一般過去時的背景下誤用某個一般現在時。從所涉及的動詞來看，主要涉及be和have兩個常用動詞。有時也涉及其他時態，如一般將來時、現在完成時等，但很少見。
附錄：短文改錯做題技巧
要想在高考英語中做好短文改錯，按照「四步走」，實施「四查法」可有效減少不必要的失誤。具體做法如下：
一、「四步走」
1.通讀全文，了解大意
注意語篇結構和行文邏輯，不能在未了解大意的情況下就按部就班地一行一行地改。
2.先易後難，縮小範圍
通讀短文的過程中，可以把其中明顯的錯誤找出來，這樣就縮小了範圍，為下一步的分析判斷提供更充分的依據，也能把注意力集中在較難判斷的句子上。
如：Susan think Paul is just the man she can depend on.此句中謂語沒用單數第三人稱形式就是一個明顯的錯誤。
3.把握句意，逐句判斷
逐句掃描，各個擊破。為了使每行長度相差不大，往往一個句子分成兩行或三行，而一個句子是否有錯只有看完整個句子，甚至還要瞻前顧後才能判斷出錯誤之處。所以在通讀全文時，要以句子為最小單位，千萬別以行為單位。請記住下面的口訣：
動詞形，名詞數，注意形和副；
非謂動詞細辨別，習慣用法要記住；
句子成分多分析，邏輯錯誤須關注。
4.反覆通讀，複查驗證
在大部分錯誤都改正之後，如果還有拿不準的，應當再次通讀短文，利用語感做最後判斷；也可以根據此類題的特點，運用錯誤類型的比例來定奪。錯詞一般有7～8個，多詞和缺詞約有2～3處。
二、「四查法」
1.左顧右盼查名詞
要注意搜尋名詞之前及其本身出現的錯誤。看該名詞前是否缺限定詞，該用何種限定詞。尤其要查冠詞的使用情況。碰到代詞要弄清它代替什麼。當名詞前有形容詞時更要加倍注意。
如：Catherine，to whom you can turn for help, has good knowledge of Greek.(knowledge為不可數名詞，在has之後加上不定冠詞a)
2.「語」「時」俱進查動詞
認真分析動詞所用的時態、語態。尤其要根據上下文所提供的時間信息，「語」「時」俱進地反覆推敲。
如：Martin gained so much confidence that he goes back to school...(goes改為went)
3.啟承轉合查連詞
為使短文結構嚴謹，短文中往往會出現好多連詞。這些連詞的使用，在結構和意義上都要通順流暢，恰如其分。
如：It started to rise higher again. So it was still too close to the water. (So改為But)
4.文通理順查邏輯
文通即行文合乎英語詞法、句法；理順指行文邏輯符合人們的認知規律，即符合常理。
如：The air keeping the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming up.(第二個up改為down)