動詞的時態語態 (二)
時態：表示動作發生或存在狀態以及表現方式的一種動詞形式。
語態：用來說明主語和謂語之間關係的一種動詞形式。
主動語態表示句子的主語是動作的執行者或行為的主體；
被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者或行為的對象
英語中，在不同時間，以不同的方式發生的動作或存在的狀態要用動詞的不同形式表現出來，動詞的這些不同形式構成了動詞的時態。一般來說，發生在現在的事情用現在的時態進行描述，發生在過去的事情，用過去的時態進行描述，將要發生的事情用將來的時態進行描述。英語中的時態共計16種，常用的有12種。
| 時間 方式 | 現在 | 過去 | 將來 | 過去將來 |
| 一般 | works | Worked | shall/ will work | should/ would work |
| 進行 | am/ is/ are working | was/ were working | shall/ will be working | should/ would be working |
| 完成 | have/ has worked | had worked | shall/ will have worked | should/ would have worked |
| 完成進行 | have/ has been working | had been working | shall/ will have been working | should/ would have been working |
在高中階段，我們將會主要學習到的時態有：一般現在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現在進行時、過去進行時、現在完成時、過去完成時、現在完成進行時。本次課我們主要講解現在進行時、過去進行時
一. 現在進行時
1. 基本結構
肯定形式： am /is /are + doing
否定形式： am /is /are + not + doing.
一般疑問句： Is /Are …+doing …?
特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句
2. 動詞的現在分詞的構成：
| 動詞特徵 | 變化 | 例詞 |
| 一般動詞 | 直接加-ing | look-looking watch- watching |
| 以e結尾 | 去e加-ing | come- coming move- moving |
| 以重讀閉音節結尾， 且末尾只有一個輔音字母 | 先雙寫該輔音字母， 再加-ing | swim-swimming run- running plan-planning |
| 以ie結尾且為重讀開音節 | 變ie加y再加ing | die-dying lie-lying |
3. 基本用法：
現在進行時表示說話時或現階段正在進行的動作。常用的時間狀語有：now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days.
① 表示說話時正在進行的動作或存在的狀態
例：The telephone is ringing now. Please answer it.
② 表示現階段正在進行，但說話時未必正在進行
例：Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly.
I'm getting along well with a boy in my class.
4. 特殊用法
① 表示按計劃或安排將要發生的動作，用於go, come, stay, leave, do, take, have等少數動作，往往表示"馬上就，即將，逐漸地，反覆的"。
例：I'm going on a trip soon. （即將）
Actually, I'm forgetting my Japanese. （逐漸地）
② 與always, forever, constantly, frequently等副詞連用，表示讚揚或厭惡的感情色彩。
試比較：He always finishes his homework on time. （習慣）
He is always finishing his homework on time. （讚揚）
例：I am always forgetting things. （生氣）
She is always helping others when they are in trouble. (稱讚)
The children are constantly making noise. (厭煩)
③ 用於時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，代替將來進行時
例：If I am sleeping when he comes, wake me up.
④ 用於表示"變化"的動詞（如become, get, turn等），強調"逐漸變化"的過程
例：It is getting hotter and hotter.
二. 過去進行時
1. 基本結構
肯定形式：was / were + doing
否定形式：was /were + not + doing
一般疑問句： 把was或were放於句首
特殊疑問詞：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句
2. 用法
過去進行時表示過去某時刻或某階段正在進行的動作。常用的時間狀語有：at that time, at five yesterday, then, this time last night, the whole morning.
① 表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作
例：She was traveling in Tibet this time last year.
② 表示過去某一時間內正在進行的動作
例：We were working from two to five yesterday afternoon.
③ 表示一個動作發生時，另一個動作正在進行
例：I was surfing the Internet when you phoned.
句型：when V.S while
A. When sb did sth, sb was/were doing
當我到家的時候，媽媽正在做飯
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答案：When I got home, mom was cooking.
B. When sb was/were doing, sb did sth
當我寫作業的時候，媽媽回來了
答案：When I was doing homework, mom came back.
C. When sb did sth, sb did sth
當我停車的時候，有個人衝我走來
答案：When I stopped my car, someone came over to me
D. While sb was/were doing, sb was/were doing （只接延續性動詞）
當我寫作業的時候，哥哥在玩電腦
答案：While I was doing my homework, my brother was playing computer games.
三. 將來進行時
1. 基本結構
肯定形式：sb shall/will be doing sth
否定形式：sb shall/will be not doing sth
一般疑問句：Shall/Will sb be doing sth?
特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句
2. 用法
① 表示將來某一時間或某一時刻正在進行的動作，常用的時間狀語有this time tomorrow, at 10 o'clock next Monday, in a minute
例：This time tomorrow we'll be flying to Hangzhou.
② 與一般將來時連用，表示在將來某一動作之後要做的事情
例：My summer vacation will end soon. I'll be having classes.
練一練
1. 觀察下列例句，將序號填入對應用法之後的空白欄中
① She is always asking the same question.
② Look! The boy is dozing off.
③ My sister was reading a book when a stranger came in.
④ He will be having a meeting at 9 tomorrow morning, so please don't call him at that time.
⑤ It was getting darker.
⑥ He will take an important test from 7 to 9 tomorrow evening.
⑦ She said she was going to London the next year.
⑧ While he was driving, he was thinking about the matter.
⑨ How are you getting along with your English these days?
⑩ Hurry up! The bus is coming!
| 一般用法 進行體 | 一般用法 | 特殊用法 | ||||
| 「時刻」 | 「時間段」 | |||||
| 現在進行時 | 表示現在（說話瞬間）正在進行或發生的動作，常與now等時間狀語連用 | | 表示當前一段時間內的活動或現階段正在進行的動作（說話時動作不一定正在進行），常與at present，these days等連用 | 部分瞬間動詞（「善始善終、死去活來」）用現在進行時表將來 | | |
| 與always, forever, continually和constantly等連用，表示多次重複，且含有感情色彩 | | |||||
| 用於表示「變化」的動詞（如become, get, turn等），強調「逐漸變化」的過程 | | |||||
| 過去進行時 | 表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作 | | 表示某一段時間正在進行或持續的動作。 | | | |
| 將來進行時 | 表示將來某一時刻正在進行的動作 | | 表示將來某一段時間正在進行或持續的動作 | | | |
2. 單項選擇
1. When John finally got to the top of the mountain, the sun ______．
A. was shining B. shone
C. has been shining D. has shone
2. --- What happened to Bill?
--- He _____ really fast when suddenly he ran headfirst into a parked car.
A. had run B. was running
C. has run D. has been running
3. --- Tom, can you answer my question?
--- Er, I am very sorry, Miss Evens. I____ about something else.
A. had thought B. was thinking
C. will think D. have thought
4. I ____ toward the door to go outside when suddenly Jim opened it unexpectedly.
A. walked B. was walking
C. had walked D. had been walking
5. David _____ a customer when the fire started.
A. served B. was serving C. had served D. would serve
6. --- I'll give you a ring about eight.
--- Could you phone a bit later? I ________ dinner then.
A. will be having B. have had C. had D. was having
7. --- Do we have to wear our school uniforms tomorrow?
--- I think so. We _____ the coming-of-age ceremony in the afternoon.
A. will be attending B. have attended C. attend D. attended
8. Mark _________football when I __________ready to go home.
A. was playing; am B. is playing; was
C. was playing; was D. played; was
9. We _____ the final match on TV, when suddenly the electricity ____.
A. watched; cut off B. were watching; was cutting off
C. watched; was cutting off D. were watching; cut off
10. I first met Lisa three years ago .She_____ at a radio shop at that moment.
A. has worked B. was working.
C. had been working D. had worked
11. --- Hi, Lily. Don't forget to watch I'm a Singer at 10:00 this Friday night!
--- What a pity! I ______in a plane to Hainan for a meeting then.
A. will sit B. will be sitting C. am sitting D. sit
12. I walked past your house last night. There was an awful lot of noise. What _______ you ?
A. did; do B. would; do C. had; done D. were; doing
13. - Can I come after dinner?
- Yes, that's fine. I anything．
A. don't do B. won't do C. won't be doing D. am not doing
14. I'd like to go to Tommy's birthday party this evening, but I just from the flu.
A. am; recovering B. will; recover
C. was; recovering D. had; recovered
15. The student continuing his studies when he had to return to his home country unexpectedly.
A. is considering B. has considered
C. should consider D. was considering
3. 翻譯練習
① 現在我跟我班裡的同學相處得很融洽。
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② 我寧願看書，也不願看電視，因為電視節目越來越糟糕.
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③ 昨天下午3點到5點我正在讀英語。
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④ 明天的這個時候我正在開會。
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⑤ 不要吵鬧，我正在寫作文。
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⑥ 當我在等車的時候，一個女孩向我跑來。
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