本文主要是受奧秘之家創始人徐奧林先生在一席的演講
一切皆可遊戲的啟發,
所以這篇推文也是一個解謎遊戲,裡面除了所涉及的一個理論、三個故事、八個單詞教授方法外還涉及三把密鑰,只有在你認真閱讀文章內容,完成相應的練習才能找到這三把鑰匙 ,當然想要找到這三把密鑰你需要具備一定的推理能力和觀察能力。祝你好運。
一個教學理論 (1)The input hypothesis relates to
acquisition, not learning.(2)We acquire by
understanding language that contains structure it
beyond our current level of competence (i + 1).(3)The final part of the input hypothesis states that
speaking fluency cannot be taught directly. Rather, it "emerges" over time, on its own.The best way, and perhaps the only way, to teach speaking, according to this view, is simply to
provide comprehensible input.(2)我們獲得知識是通過理解超出我們當前能力水平(i + 1)的語言知識結構來進行的。(這與
維果斯基的「最近發展區理論」相似)(3)輸入假說的最後一部分指出,口語流利不是被直接教授的。它是隨著時間的流逝而逐漸「出現」的。根據這種觀點,最好的方法,也許是唯一的教授口語的方法,就是提供可理解的輸入。One of characteristic of caretaker speech that concerns us is known as the "
here and now" principle. It is well established that caretakers talk mostly about what the child can perceive, what is in the immediate environment. As MacNamara (1972) pointed out,
the child does not acquire grammar first and then use it in understanding. The child understands first, and this helps him acquire language.正如MacNamara所指出的那樣,孩子並不是先獲得語法,然後將其用於理解。相反,孩子首先只有理解語言,這才會有助於他習得語言。
The best methods aretherefore those that
supply "comprehensible input" in low anxiety situations, containing messages that students really want to hear. 因此,最好的方法是在低焦慮情況下提供「
可理解的輸入」,其中包含學生真正想聽到的感興趣的信息。
輸入假說是由克拉申教授提出來的著名假說,裡面的很多想法對二語習得的發展都具有相當大的影響,讀了他的書後,受益頗多。
三個外語故事這三個和語言有關的故事我有時候課間休息或是課上還剩幾分鐘的時候會給學生講,目的是激發學生學習英語的興趣。
我們學習一門語言並不僅僅只是為了分數,語言後面所蘊含的文化知識比語言本身更重要。當然這只是其中的三個,僅供大家參考。
A Rat's Foreign Language老鼠的外語The mother rat and her babies are playing in the garden.A Fat cat is coming to catch them for dinner.鼠媽媽和她的寶寶們在花園裡玩,一隻肥貓來了,要抓住他們當晚餐。The mother rat and her babies try to run away. But the baby rats can't run very fast.The cat is getting closer and closer. Suddenly, the mother rat stops running and turns around. She shouts at the cat like an angry dog,"Woof, Woof, Woof."貓越來越逼近了,突然,鼠媽媽停了下來,轉過身,像一隻憤怒的狗對貓大叫到:「汪汪汪」。The cat is afraid and runs away.The mother rat turns to the babies,and says,"You see how important it is to learn a foreign Language".鼠媽媽轉身對鼠寶寶們說:你看,學一門外語是多麼重要啊。Forensic linguistics, legal linguistics, or language and the law, is the application of linguistic knowledge, methods and insights to the forensic context of law, language, crime investigation, trial, and judicial procedure. It is a branch of applied linguistics.法醫語言學,法律語言學或語言與法律,是語言知識、方法和見解在法律,語言,犯罪調查,審判和司法程序的法證環境中的實際應用。它是應用語言學的一個分支。
我們每一個人使用的語言都會受很多因素影響,如:母語環境、人文環境、社會經濟、生產、風俗、心理、行為等,而這些因素的綜合作用導致其語言風格的獨一性。就好像指紋或者字跡一樣,一個人的行文風格暗藏著關於他的許多信息。通過識別"語言指紋",警察能夠推測誰發出了死亡威脅電子郵件,或者辨別自殺現場的遺書真偽。私人偵探甚至也被僱傭調查。This is a homicide in Alabama. Although the suspect was identified as a man named Ernest Ted Stokes, investigators had no evidence to charge him. At this time, they received an anonymous letter. If the content is true, the case will be completely different.Fitzgerald noticed that the letter actually used the term "lightbug" to refer to "lightbulb". Is this a slip of the pen or an inherent habit about writing? Fitzgerald rewound the recording of the scene interrogating Stokes, and was pleasantly surprised to find that the suspect also used "light bug" to refer to "light bulb" that made Fitzgerald firmly believe that Stokes was exactly the murderer . He wanted to use this letter to let the investigation be astray, but he accidentally left his own "language fingerprint" in the letter and was caught finally.這是一起發生在阿拉巴馬州的兇殺案,雖然將疑犯鎖定為一個名為歐內斯特·泰德·斯託克斯的男子,調查人員卻沒有證據對其提出指控。這時候,他們收到一封匿名信件,其中內容若屬實,案情走向將全然不同。菲茨傑拉德注意到,信中居然用"燈蟲"(lightbug)一詞指代"燈泡"( lightbulb)。這是作者筆誤還是固有的習慣表達?菲茨傑拉德回放了詢問斯託克斯的錄音,驚喜地發現,疑犯居然也用"燈蟲"指代"燈泡"這條線索讓菲茨傑拉德堅信,斯託克斯就是若名信的作者。他想藉此把調查引入歧途,卻不慎在信件中留下了自己特有的"語言指紋",被抓個正著。這個故事其實是關於跨文化交流(Cultural communication)中的一個故事,來自英專生的全英教材《語言學教程》,由胡壯麟教授主編。When World War II was drawing to a close,a historically important Document (i.e. the Potsdam Proclamation《波茨坦公告》) was signed to urge Japan to accept an unconditional surrender. In the following press interview, the prime minister of Japan declared that his government would take
mokusatsu(默殺) policy to this statement. Mokusatsu can be used in Japanese to mean either "make no comment"or "ignore". The choice of one meaning over another depends much on your understanding of the situation in question. When translating the word into English,Western interpreters at the interview chose the latter meaning. The strong attitude suggested by this policy led the American Government to make an awful decision-- dropping two atomic bombs on Japan and killing numerous innocent citizens.Recalling this miserable event,some critics believe that it was cross- cultural miscommunication that led to this disaster. Strongly influenced by different cultural traditions. Americans and Japanese tend to behave differently. When dealing with perplexed matters, the former wants to take an immediate action,while the latter prefers to have more thinking before acting. Following this line of reasoning,one may justifiably assume that by
mokusatsu, the Japanese prime minister meant delaying his decision,while American interpreters,coming from a nation of action, chose an "ignore" reading of this word. (Stewart, 1983)第二次世界大戰即將結束時,籤署了具有歷史性意義的重要文件《波茨坦公告》,旨在敦促日本接受無條件投降。日本首相在隨後的新聞採訪中宣布,日本政府將對這一聲明採取「默殺」政策。Mokusatsu可以用日語來表示「暫不發表評論」或「無視」。選擇一種含義而不是另一種含義在很大程度上取決於您對所討論情況的理解。在將這個單詞翻譯成英語時,西方口譯人員選擇了後者的含義。這項政策表明的強烈態度導致美國政府做出了一個可怕的決定,就是向日本投下了兩枚原子彈,並殺死了許多無辜的平民。回顧這一悲慘的事件,一些批評家認為,造成這場災難的是跨文化的溝通不暢。受不同文化傳統的強烈影響。美國人和日本人的行為往往有所不同。在處理疑難雜症時,前者希望立即採取行動,而後者則希望在採取行動之前多加思考。按照這一推理,可以有理由地認為,日本首相的意思是推遲做決定,而來自行動國家的美國口譯員則選擇「無視」這個詞。(Stewart, 1983)努力需要方法,方法對,事半功倍。當然,根據加德納教授的多元智能理論,有的人擅長演講,有的人邏輯推理能力很好,有的人很有繪畫天賦,有的人有音樂天賦.所以我文中提到的方法,不一定每個都適合你們,老師學生們挑一個自己擅長的去教授去學習就好。
威爾·史密斯來香港前先派保鏢勘查場地,發現星光大道僅70米,立刻要求把紅毯加長到100米。雖然它主要介紹了中翻英的翻譯技巧,不過對於我們在教授英語時讓學生多去注意單詞的詞性、造句、寫文章也有很大的幫助。另外,還可以在黑板上寫下幾組
名詞,
動詞,
形容詞,然後讓學生編故事,進行即興故事接龍。為了增加
儀式感,我們還可以借用
象棋,在象棋正面寫上任意5個單詞,寫完後貼黑板上,象棋背面對著學生。學生上講臺,任意拿塊象棋子,根據上面單詞,5秒後,說出一個小故事。(來自深圳Eric Chen老師)準備三個魔方(骰子),各面都寫上單詞組成一個故事,如:一個骰子上寫動詞,一個寫名詞或形容詞副詞,最後一個可以是連詞等(建議用
聽力真題或
聽說文本上的單詞)人的記憶有
瞬時記憶和
長時記憶之分。
人們總是對於視頻圖畫的記憶優於對純粹字詞的記憶,所以如果對於一些重要的需要識記背誦的文章,我們不妨嘗試把它製作成一幅畫。文章來自北師大版高中英語新教材(第一冊)課文
I’m a ... digital native!I’m Joe, a student from London. You』ll often find me sitting in front of my laptop.我是喬,來自倫敦的一名學生。你會發現我經常坐在筆記本電腦前。The online world is a big part of my life. I’m a 「digital native」—I』ve been using the computer since I was a kid. 網絡世界是我生活中的重要組成部分。我是一名「數碼族」,還是個孩子的時候就經常使用電腦。I do a wide range of things online. Besides doing all my school work, I chat with my friends, watch films and read the daily news and other interesting articles; I also shop for various things online, such as books, computer hardware and other necessities. It’s so convenient to be able to compare the quality and prices from different online shops before I buy. I also play computer games from time to time and I even play tennis on my television screen in my living room!我在網上做很多事情。除了做所有的學校作業外,我還和朋友聊天,看電影,閱讀每日新聞和其他有趣的文章;我還在網上買各種各樣的東西,如書籍、電腦硬體和其他必需品。購物前,能夠比較不同的網絡商店的質量和價格是非常方便的。我也經常玩電腦遊戲,甚至用客廳的電視屏幕打網球遊戲!My parents are worried that I may become an 「Internet addict」. They think I’m playing computer games all the time and I chat too much with online friends. According to them, there is a danger that I may not be able to tell whether these friends are real friends. My mum keeps telling me to go out with my school friends instead. Maybe she’s right. It’s important to meet friends in person from time to time, not just on social media. Actually, I do know I need to drag myself away from the online world sometimes, especially because real life can be just as interesting.我父母擔心我會成為一個網迷。他們認為我一直不停地玩電腦遊戲,並且總和網友聊天。在他們看來,我可能無法判斷這些人是否是真朋友,這是危險的。媽媽一直讓我和學校的朋友們出去玩(而不是在家打遊戲)。也許她是對的。時不時與朋友親自見面是很重要的,不能只是利用網絡交流。事實上,我非常清楚我有時需要強迫自己不上網,特別是因為現實生活也可以一樣有趣。紅花綠葉詞最開始是由一些考研名師針對考研英語完形填空這一題型專門設計研發的,它分為紅花詞和綠葉詞。
紅花詞意為考試
必選的詞和
次選的詞;
綠葉詞指的就是
必不選的詞。紅花綠葉詞更多為英語基礎較為薄弱的考生所用。事事無絕對,這個指的就是大概率事件。因為最近一直在看高考真題,所以在看到紅花綠葉詞這個概念後,我對它進行了如下改編。這裡重心是在這20個紅花詞上,為了讓學生記住這裡的20個重點單詞,部分單詞會附有詞源、圖畫、包含該詞彙的諺語、相關名人名言、順口溜、小對話.這個是由來自紐西蘭惠靈頓維多利亞大學的著名詞彙研究與語言教學專家
Paul Nation教授提出。給每一個生詞做一張卡片,正面英文,反面母語翻譯。準備四個盒子,所有的生詞都最先放在第一個盒子裡。
第一個盒子裡的生詞每天集中學習,幾天後,把學會的生詞挑出來,放到第二個盒子裡。
第二個盒子裡的生詞可以三天複習一次。學會了之後,轉移到第三個盒子裡,該盒子裡的生詞可以每十天複習一次。
第三個盒子裡的生詞學會後,可以往第四個盒子轉移,這個盒子可以每個月複習一次。可以根據實際情況調整每個盒子的複習頻次,但是所有生詞都要從第一個盒子開始,一步步轉移到
第四個盒子,直到最後徹底掌握。
玩法:黑板上顯示出需要識記的27個單詞(因為一副撲克牌是54張,這裡一個單詞會用到兩張撲克,中英文各一張)。假設兩兩一起玩,兩人都要寫單詞,一人寫中文(寫左上角,方便看牌),一人寫英文(寫左上角,方便看牌),英文單詞需標註出音標,可查手機寫上去,寫完了一起玩牌,指定拿到某個單詞的先出,5秒內需要出牌,超過5秒則出牌的繼續出,如果別人出了,則接著出,看誰先出完,先出完的勝利,最後終極pk。縱橫字謎學習詞彙是教學中很普遍的活動,下面這張圖是來自網上的
給老師的一封信,在讀完這封信的同時,我也給大家設置了一個縱橫字謎riddle,裡面所需填的詞全是圖中的單詞。偷偷說一句,這個縱橫字謎裡藏有其中的一把密鑰。
Dear Teacher,
I am a survivor of a concentration camp. My eyes saw what no man should witness: Gas chambers built by learned engineers. Children poisoned by educated physicians. Infants killed by trained nurses. Women and babies shot and burned by high school and college graduates. So, I am suspicious of education. My request is: Help your students become human. Your efforts must never produce learned monsters, skilled psychopaths, educated Eichmanns. Reading. writing, arithmetic are important only if they serve to make our children more humane.
-Teacher and Child by Dr. Haim G. Ginott二進位單詞遊戲卡是集趣味性與競技性都較強的
詞彙復現遊戲。這個想法的產生來源於二進位遊戲--猜姓氏。相信有不少人在街邊看到過如下的場景:一位「大仙」面前鋪有一張較大的白布,上面劃分了幾個方框,每個方框裡寫了不少的姓氏,你只需依次回答自己的姓氏是否依次出現在這幾個方框裡,這位「大仙」就知道你的姓氏了。猜對了你就要付錢,猜不對他雙倍返還給你。當然,我們都知道這裡面含有滿滿的套路。因為這裡就用到了二進位。課上和學生玩過,學生普遍感覺都很有趣,所以當時腦子裡想,如果把這個原理用到學習英語詞彙中是不是效果會更好。而且學生在遊戲的過程中,是懷著好奇和喜悅的心情把這些單詞復現了無數遍的,後面估計想忘都忘不了。二進位英語單詞遊戲卡花費了我很多心思和心血,所以想獲取完整版的夥伴得找出文章中的三把密鑰,闖關成功,我才會把具體的操作和玩法分享給您。另外,
除了二進位單詞遊戲卡,還附贈最近在看的實體書,公眾號三個在售任意課件。[1] Stephen D Krashen.Principles and Practice in second language learning [M].New York: Pergamon Press,1982[2] 吳宜錚.英語寫作的要素[M].北京:化學工業出版社,2016:2-3[3] Paul Nation.What Should Every EFL Teacher Know [M].Compass Publishing[4] 胡壯麟.語言學教程[M].北京:北京大學出版社,2017https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/A7r_wkijVcJp5uKW1dMd7Ahttp://tv.cctv.com/2016/07/08/VIDEqagAKxiYaIesuBtdSfo2160708.shtml