Even if you've been vaccinated, it's important to remain covered up.
即使您已經接種了疫苗，也要保持掩蓋狀態，這一點很重要。
It is imperceptibly unclear whether novel coronavirus can be prevented from vaccination by COVID-19 vaccine, and it will not feel uncomfortable and imperceptibly spread it to others. It's still important to cover it up for vaccinated people.
尚不清楚COVID-19疫苗是否能防止接種疫苗的人攜帶新型冠狀病毒而不會感到不適和不知不覺地將其傳播給他人。對於接種疫苗的人掩蓋其仍然很重要。
On December 18, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration authorized the emergency use of Moderna's covid-19 vaccine. The vaccine is the second to be approved in the United States, with the first dose on Monday.
12月18日，美國食品藥品監督管理局授予Moderna的COVID-19疫苗緊急使用授權。該疫苗是第二個在美國獲得批准的疫苗，第一劑疫苗是在周一進行的。
This milestone is impressive not only because Moderna and Pfizer vaccines have been developed at a record rate, but also because they seem to be at least 90% effective (at least in clinical trials) in protecting people from symptomatic cowid-19.
這個裡程碑之所以令人印象深刻，不僅是因為Moderna和Pfizer的疫苗以創紀錄的速度研發，而且它們在保護人們免受症狀性COVID-19侵害方面似乎至少有90％的有效性（至少在臨床試驗中如此）。
However, novel coronavirus is not yet known for COVID-19 vaccine, but it is not clear whether the vaccine will lead to a new coronavirus, and will not feel uncomfortable and inadvertently transmit it to others. This means that even if you have been vaccinated, you must now keep your mask, keep your social distance and take other precautions.
但是，目前尚不清楚的一件事是，COVID-19疫苗是否還能防止接種疫苗的人攜帶新型冠狀病毒，而不會感到不適和不經意間將其傳播給他人。這意味著，即使您已經進行了疫苗接種，現在也必須保持口罩，保持社交距離並採取其他預防措施。
"It's not easy to have a vaccine that can protect you from the most serious cowid disease, but you can get infected and spread it without getting sick," said microbiology professor Jeffrey bethony He specializes in medicine, immunology and tropical medicine at George Washington University School of medicine and School of Health Sciences.
微生物學教授Jeffrey Bethony說：「擁有一種可以保護您免受最嚴重的COVID疾病侵襲的疫苗並不是一件容易的事，但是您可能會被感染，並且可以在沒有生病的情況下傳播它。」喬治華盛頓大學醫學院和健康科學學院的醫學，免疫學和熱帶醫學專業。
He is dedicated to the development of parasitic diseases and HIV vaccines. "Hopefully they can stop the spread, but we don't know much about them."
他致力於寄生蟲病和HIV疫苗的研發。「希望它們能阻止傳播，但我們對它們還知之甚少。」
One of the reasons this new type of virus (officially known as sars-cov-2) is so popular is that people are infectious a few days before they get sick and in some cases never show symptoms.
這種新型病毒（正式稱為SARS-CoV-2）如此猖spread的原因之一是，人們在患病前幾天就具有傳染性，在某些情況下從不出現症狀。
Susanna naggie, an associate professor of infectious diseases at Duke University School of medicine, said such a high rate of asymptomatic transmission "is not common in other infections.". "Influenza has asymptomatic disease, but not the level seen in sars-cov-2." She said this makes it particularly important to know whether the covid-19 vaccine can prevent asymptomatic infections.
杜克大學醫學院專門研究傳染性疾病的副教授Susanna Naggie說，如此高的無症狀傳播率「並非在其他感染中很普遍」。「流感有無症狀的疾病，但沒有SARS-CoV-2所見的水平。」 她說，這使得了解COVID-19疫苗是否可以預防無症狀感染尤為重要。
Many vaccines, including those for hepatitis A and B, measles, chickenpox and human papillomavirus, prevent people from getting sick and spreading pathogens to others. "In general, we think that if you have a vaccine to prevent disease, then you can also prevent infection, but you can't think that's 100 percent," naggie said.
許多疫苗，包括用於甲型和B型肝炎，麻疹，水痘和人乳頭瘤病毒的疫苗，都可以防止人們生病和將病原體傳播給其他人。「總的來說，我們認為，如果您有預防疾病的疫苗，那麼您也有可能預防感染，但您不能認為那是100％的情況，」 Naggie說。
Some pathogens can infect and reproduce in vaccinated people for a short time without causing disease, including the bacteria that cause meningitis and pertussis or pertussis.
一些病原體可以在接種疫苗的人群中短期感染並繁殖，而不會致病，包括引起腦膜炎和百日咳或百日咳的細菌。
This is also a problem for vaccines being developed for parasitic diseases such as malaria, schistosomiasis and hookworm infections, bethony said. "This vaccine can protect people from the most severe clinical manifestations of the disease, but it doesn't completely prevent infection," bethony said. "You may still have a slightly infected person who can still transmit the disease."
Bethony說，這對於正在開發的用於寄生蟲病（例如瘧疾，血吸蟲病和鉤蟲感染）的疫苗也是一個問題。「這種疫苗可以保護人們免受該疾病最嚴重的臨床表現，但它並不能完全阻止感染，」 Bethony說。「您仍然可能會有一個被輕度感染的人，他們仍然能夠傳播這種疾病。」
Whether vaccination can prevent infection depends in part on the mechanism of action of the vaccine. Many covid-19 vaccines, including Moderna and Pfizer vaccines, target spike like proteins on the surface of sars-cov-2 to help them bind and enter host cells.
接種疫苗能否預防感染部分取決於疫苗的作用機理。許多COVID-19疫苗，包括Moderna和Pfizer的疫苗，都針對SARS-CoV-2表面的刺狀蛋白，以幫助其結合併進入宿主細胞。
"We are talking about developing antibodies and immune responses directly against spike proteins," naggie said "So the hope is that you can really prevent infection."
Naggie說：「我們正在談論直接針對刺突蛋白開發抗體和免疫反應。」 「所以希望是您可以真正預防感染。」
Some developers have reported early data suggesting that their covid-19 vaccine will reduce asymptomatic infections. In late trials of vaccines developed by Oxford and AstraZeneca universities, some participants were tested once a week for the covid-19.
一些開發人員已經報告了早期數據，暗示他們的COVID-19疫苗將減少無症狀感染。在牛津大學和阿斯利康大學開發的疫苗的後期試驗中，一些參與者每周接受一次COVID-19測試。
A group was accidentally given a low dose of the first vaccine followed by the expected full second dose. Asymptomatic infections were less common in the vaccine group than in the placebo group. Researchers are still investigating why the low-dose group is better at this than the full dose group.
意外地給一組人接種低劑量的第一疫苗，然後給予預期的完整第二劑。與接受安慰劑的人相比，該疫苗接種組的無症狀感染少見。研究人員仍在調查為什麼低劑量組在這方面要比全劑量組好。
In the Moderna clinical trial, the researchers wiped the participants and then received two doses of the vaccine. On December 15, the drug manufacturer reported that 38 volunteers who received placebo tested positive before the second dose, but did not show symptoms of cowid-19, compared with 14 in the vaccine group.
在Moderna的臨床試驗中，研究人員先擦拭參與者，然後再接受兩劑疫苗。12月15日，該藥製造商報告說，接受安慰劑的38名志願者在第二劑之前測試為陽性，但未顯示出COVID-19症狀，而接受疫苗的組中只有14名。
"While this proves that more work is needed, it probably also reduces the risk of transmission," naggie said "Maybe the vaccine can completely prevent infection, or it can really shorten the time of infection, and someone only has a few days These are the key parts to answer this question. "
Naggie說：「雖然這證明需要更多的工作，但它大概也降低了傳播的風險。」 「也許疫苗可以完全預防感染，或者它確實可以縮短感染時間，而某人只流了幾天……這些都是回答這一問題的非常關鍵的部分。」
With the popularity of the domestic cowid-19 test suite, it may become easier to investigate this problem. In subsequent clinical trials, naggie said, researchers could ask people to wipe themselves every day and track how often vaccinated people test positive and whether they pass the virus on to other members of the family.
隨著家用COVID-19測試套件的普及，調查這個問題可能會變得更加容易。Naggie說，在後續的臨床試驗中，研究人員可以要求人們每天擦拭自己，並跟蹤接種疫苗的人測試陽性的頻率，以及是否將病毒傳遞給家庭的其他成員。
Several vaccine developers, including Moderna and Pfizer, plan to test antibodies in the blood of the participants, which can recognize some of the viruses that the vaccine does not target. Such antibodies will indicate whether a person is infected after vaccination.
包括Moderna和Pfizer在內的幾家疫苗開發商計劃測試測試參與者的血液中的抗體，這些抗體可以識別該疫苗未靶向的一部分病毒。此類抗體將表明一個人在接種疫苗後是否被感染。
Another way to find out how the covid-19 vaccine prevents transmission is to monitor areas where vaccination is common to see if infection rates have also declined in the remaining unvaccinated population, bethony said.
Bethony說，另一種發現COVID-19疫苗如何防止傳播的方法是監視普遍進行疫苗接種的區域，以查看在剩餘未接種疫苗的人群中感染率是否也有所下降。
This happened after the introduction of the first polio vaccine in 1955. The next year, scientists saw fewer cases than expected, because enough children had been immunized to prove that the virus was difficult to spread to children who were not immunized.
這種情況是在1955年引入第一種脊髓灰質炎疫苗之後發生的。第二年，科學家看到的病例比預期的要少，因為已經對足夠多的孩子進行了免疫接種，證明該病毒難以傳播給那些沒有免疫的孩子。
In the United States, the covid-19 vaccine has only been available in the past few weeks and is not expected to be distributed to the public before next spring. It's going to be a while before we get immunity.
在美國，COVID-19疫苗僅在過去幾周內可用，預計不會在明年春季之前分發給公眾。我們要過一段時間才能獲得畜群免疫力。
It's not clear how much vaccine Americans need to get to this stage, because herd immunity depends on many factors, including the speed of transmission of the virus in various communities and the effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing the spread of new viruses.
目前還不清楚的是，要達到這個階段，美國人需要接種多少疫苗，因為畜群免疫取決於許多因素，包括病毒在各個社區中傳播的速度以及疫苗在預防新型病毒傳播方面的有效性。
So, naggie said, "we're just getting the vaccine in the next few months We may still be looking at the role of vaccines in transmission and whether all these public health measures need to be continued. " "For now, until we have enough immunity in the community and know more about transmission, the answer is yes." So get vaccinated when you can and stay still.
Naggie說：「我們才剛剛獲得疫苗，因此未來幾個月……我們可能仍在研究有關疫苗在傳播中的作用以及是否需要繼續採取所有這些公共衛生措施的問題。」 「就目前而言，直到我們在社區中擁有足夠的免疫力並且對傳播有了更多的了解之前，答案是肯定的。」 因此，在有能力的時候接種疫苗，並保持不動。