通過對改革後的立論文分析不難發現,在這149道題目中一共有六種提問方式。讓我們歸納總結一下他們的規律。
註:由於關於claim的問題方式有兩次,筆者統一歸納總結成為一種方式,故圖中展示的只有五種。仔細關注下statement, recommendation, claim這三個單詞,他們在某些方面具有程度遞進的關係。
1. Statement: the expression in spoken or written words of something such as a fact, intention, or policy, or an instance of this.意為陳述某一事實,意圖,政策。重點在於陳述。
2. Recommendation: a suggestion as to what is a good or sensible thing to do or use in the circumstances意為合理的建議(比陳述事實更近了一步)
3. Claim: maintain something is true: to say, without proof or evidence, that something is true 意為聲明,即便在沒有證據的情況下仍然堅持聲稱某事為真實的
從以上的分析中不難看出這三種問法在操作形式上具有程度類比,其中第三種的程度語氣更強。
讓我們仔細分析一下例子
1. Statement (以下是事實陳述的例子)
i. The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.
ii. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.
iii. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.
iv. It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.
v. The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.
vi. In order for any work of art-for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song-to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.
2. Recommendation(以下是建議的例子)
i. Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people.
ii. Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.
iii. All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.
iv. Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.
v. Educators should base their assessment of students' learning not on students' grasp of facts but on the ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that those facts illustrate.
vi. College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.
3. Claim(以下是因果聲明類的例子)
i. Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.;;; Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty.
ii. Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.;;; Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty.
iii. Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.;;;Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both.
iv. Claim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts.;;;Reason: Politicians and other government experts are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.
v. Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students.;;;Reason: College students-like people in general-prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions.
vi. Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.
除了個別試題中在提問用詞中有混淆以外,絕大部分的提問符合此規律。對於那些混淆的試題可以根絕我上面的分類重新編排,他們的分析也符合此規律。
對於事實陳述題我們要分析其是否屬實,對於建議題目我們要分析其利弊,對於聲明題我們就要分析其內在因果了。有效的,開門見山的開頭建議包括一下分析的內容。如圖:
讓我們來詳細分析一道題目吧
As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.
在這道題中很明顯有一個時間的關係在裡面,也就是條件,遇到了前面提到的有時間,地點,原因,結果,目的,條件,讓步,比較和方式的邏輯分析情況時需要考生做拆分式分析。我們不難將這個題目拆成了兩部分進行分析。
1. As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems我們
首先會看到rely這個單詞,這個時候要分析我們是否真的越來越多的依賴科技來解決問題,是否有些領域的某些部分我們並不是依賴科技來解決問題呢。其次,rely是用機器輔助思考呢還是完全依賴科技思考呢。再次我們要關注問題problem這個單詞,解決的是什麼問題對於我們的思維習慣影響也會非常大,如果解決的是科技帶來的問題呢?我們會繼續思考。如果解決的問題是休閒娛樂方面的,則有可能會讓我們,比如說沉迷於網路遊戲,從時間的角度上影響我們思考學習的精力,但是又會從另外一個角度上增強我們的遊戲操作能力。
2. the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. 這裡面最值得關注的一個單詞就是surly。作者將這個論點絕對化了,任何絕對化的論斷都是可以被一定程度上攻擊的。
我們可以如下開頭:(事實陳述類)
As is intensely described in the thought-provoking statement, not only does the author focus on the fact that people are relying more and more on technology to solve problems but also insinuates that the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate, which seems to be irrelevant at first glance but exceedingly associated on second thought. Admittedly, under the condition that we rely extremely on such technologies as calculators, our ability of calculation will deteriorate. However, with the proviso that human beings only take advantage of technology as a tool for assistance, the scenario will not likely take place.The author unnecessarily extends this broad assertion to an irreversible extreme while overlooks certain compelling factors impacting this issue. The purpose of my issue is to stress on the disagreement with the statement. To account for the above-mentioned phenomena, several aspects must be pushed forward to help us gain a deep insight into what has happened.
我們再舉一個例子:Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.(聲明類)
As is intensely described in the thought-provoking statement, not only does the author focus on the fact that scandals are useful but also insinuates that they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could, which seems to be irrelevant at first glance but exceedingly associated on second thought. Admittedly, under the condition that scandals reveal the darkness of our society, point out the corruption in our politics and, to some extent, concentrate our concerns on immortalities, they can surly let us pay the greatest attention on these subjects. However, with the proviso that the scandals prove unsound or forged ones, the scenario will not likely take place.The author unnecessarily extends this broad assertion to an irreversible extreme while overlooks certain compelling factors impacting this issue. The purpose of my issue is to stress on the disagreement with the statement. To account for the above-mentioned phenomena, several aspects must be pushed forward to help us gain a deep insight into what has happened.
最後舉一個建議類的例子:A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.
As is intensely described in the thought-provoking statement, not only does the author focus on the fact that students should study the same national curriculum but also insinuates that it should be obligatory all over the nation, which seems to be irrelevant at first glance but exceedingly associated on second thought. Admittedly, under the condition that students are allowed to choose their favorite subjects, they will have a chance to develop their abilities according the interests and hobbies However, with the proviso that such fundamental subjects as math are not paid enough attention to, other related field of study will be severely affected. The author unnecessarily extends this broad assertion to an irreversible extreme while overlooks certain compelling factors impacting this issue. The purpose of my issue is to stress on the general agreement with the statement. To account for the above-mentioned phenomena, several aspects must be pushed forward to help us gain a deep insight into what has happened.
以上的例證不是為了讓考生死記硬背模板!重要的是讓考生們學會分析思路,形散而神不散,反之就違背了筆者本意,也容易被GRE的雷達探測器發現雷同,釀成慘劇。
關於結尾部分,我們需要考生再次點題,告知閱卷人:我們的觀點是什麼,整體的邏輯和例證有哪些即可。文章不要求文字多麼華麗。
和剛才說到開頭的部分一樣,不要機械的背誦所謂的模板,更重要的是知道答題每一個步驟的思路,創建形散而神不散的寫作模式。
(責任編輯:趙鯤)