說明：正式課程我們提供兩個語音（外教Michael老師和張滿勝老師的講解），微信公眾號只能發一個語音，所以上面的語音講解是兩個的合併版，敬請留意。
零壹英語創辦人@英語警察
特邀美籍外教+播音員Michael加盟，負責筆記詳解以及錄音
（經濟學人是英式英文，美籍外教可以常常補充美式說法）
特邀英國劍橋大學英語碩士、對英語語法有深入研究的張滿勝老師加盟~
1、經濟學人Espresso試聽課
2、學員反饋
3、課程設置和如何報名
Getting a tune-up: Volkswagen
Preparing for a long journey involves getting under the bonnet and checking all is in order. Intent on putting Dieselgate behind it, the world’s second-largest carmaker unveils 「Strategy 2025」 today—its plan for the next decade. Volkswagen has hinted it will accelerate its electrification plans so 10% of cars will be battery-powered in a decade. It is also likely to beef up on-demand services, building on its recent investment in Gett, a ride-sharing scheme. But the hardest task will be cost-cutting while keeping uppity傲慢的 unions happy by preserving jobs for its mainly German workforce. The firm is unlikely to announce reforms to corporate governance that would put more outsiders on the supervisory board, which might hasten a showdown with unions and a shift of production to low-cost countries. VW’s bosses can fill the tyres and top up the oil, but if the engine isn’t running smoothly it』ll be a bumpy journey.
即將「調校」：大眾汽車
準備長途旅程需要打開汽車引擎罩並檢查一切正常。為了讓「排放門」這個醜聞儘快過去，世界第二大的汽車製造公司，大眾集團今天推出其下一個十年計劃「2025年戰略」。大眾已經暗示將加快汽車電動化計劃，以便十年之後10％的汽車將由電池供電。大眾也可能會加強個人按需服務，通過向歐洲最大的拼車服務提供商（Uber在歐洲市場最大的競爭對手）投資。但對大眾汽車來說，最難的任務是在削減成本的同時，能為其主要的德國僱員保留更多工作崗位，以便讓這些傲慢自大的工會也很開心。該公司不太可能宣布公司治理方面的改革，這將讓更多外部人士進入監事會，從而可能會加速與工會攤牌，以及汽車生產向低成本國家轉移。大眾的老闆們可以給輪胎充氣把機油加滿，但如果發動機運轉不平穩，這將會有更多波折。
2015年9月，德國大眾集團被美國國家環境保護局（EPA）查獲，其在美國銷售的車輛，行車電腦都植入了特殊軟體，以規避官方檢驗的事件。9月18日，EPA指控大眾集團，在美國銷售的奧迪A3、大眾高爾夫、大眾新甲殼蟲、大眾捷達、大眾帕薩特等使用EA 189型號柴油發動機的車款，都在行車電腦中植入可規避官方檢驗的軟體，在官方檢驗時自動調整相關參數以通過廢氣排放標準，但實際上這些車輛排放的廢氣全都超標十至四十倍。而這件事情從2008年開始，至2015年才被揭發，是因為美國「數位千禧年著作權法」，保護了該特殊軟體，車主甚至美國政府都無法查軟體內容。9月22日，集團CEO馬丁·文德恩公開聲明承認確有此事，並即刻停售配有2.0升柴油發動機的所有車款。EPA說，每輛車的罰款為37500美元，而VW自2008年起，在美國已銷售超過48萬輛柴油車，故初期估計，VW最高要繳交180億美金的罰款。因受到此事件影響，9月23日，大眾集團CEO馬丁·文德恩宣布辭職，而保時捷CEO馬蒂亞斯·穆勒則接任大眾汽車CEO。
1Getting a tune-upThe article’s writer is taking some creative liberty in summarizing the content of the article in the title, by referring indirectly to the message of the article, and pointing directly at the subject.
When you drive a car, you must occasionally 『get a tune-up』, as part of the routine maintenance例行維護. A tune up helps the vehicles run better and more economically. This phrase is also commonly used to describe improvements to other things, as the title does in this case.
批註：動詞to tune something up和名詞名詞tune-up本指給鋼琴等樂器調音（定標準音），後來也用來指對機器的檢修、調整和維護。文中指的是對大眾汽車這個公司的排放門（尾氣排放檢測醜聞）之後需要對公司進行公司內部調整和改進。
In the same spirit, this phrase points to Volkswagen, a German automobile-maker, thus associating the company with與…聯繫在一起 the 『tune up」 idea. This is suggesting that the article is about improvements and adjustments that the company is making so it can run more smoothly and economically.
The company will be getting a tune-up, and the first step is to hire a new general manager.
公司將會調整，第一步就是要招募一個總經理。
The H.R. department says the employee handbook will be getting a tune-up soon.
人力資源部說公司的員工手冊將很快會加以完善和修訂。
2get under the bonnet忙於處理重要的事務A 『bonnet』 is a word the British use to describe what Americans call the 『hood』 of an automobile. This is the large, horizontal panel on the front end of a car. This panel is hinged to allow someone to lift one end of it and gain access to what’s underneath, usually the engine. This is literally, getting under the bonnet.
批註：bonnet有帶子的女帽或童帽；當汽車出現之後，在英式英語裡面還可以指汽車的引擎罩（=美式英語的hood）。
The words 『bonnet』 and 『hood』 both originally described clothing that covers the head. In this spirit, the words got their current additional meanings once the automobile was invented.
A phrase such as 『get under the bonnet』 can also mean that one is going to get busy with a very important, or difficult, task.
This sentence carries a double meaning of sorts, in that it talks about the literal need to get under the bonnet to inspect things before going on a long road trip. By opening the article with this sentence, the writer is implying that this may be the figurative nature of what the subject is doing, and will be the chief theme of this article.
雙關：這裡既可以指長途旅行之前，打開引擎罩檢查發動機等部件，也可以指大眾汽車公司在這次醜聞之後，需要好好檢查並完善內部管理，以便將來的長遠發展。
I need to get under the bonnet before the drive to Phoenix.
在開車去鳳凰城之前，我需要檢查一下發動機等重要部件。
I have so many things to do today! I really need to get under the bonnet!
今天我有好多事情需要處理！我真的需要處理重要的事務。
In recent pop culture, dating back to the 1970’s, the suffix 『-gate』 is used to embellish a noun or name to suggest the existence of a far-reaching scandal, particularly in politics and government. Watergate started it all in 1974. Since then, here have been several dozens of 『-gate』 scandals.
-gate：……門醜聞
水門事件（Watergate scandal）：1972年6月17日凌晨，當時美國民主黨全國總部所在地水門綜合大廈的保安人員偶然發現，從地下車庫通往大廈的門鎖兩次被膠布貼住，他立刻報警。前來的兩名便衣特警出其不意地抓獲了5個潛入民主黨全國委員會總部安裝竊聽器和拍照文件的嫌犯。之後，聯邦調查局找到了這夥人的活動資金，這些錢中有不少聯號的百元大鈔，由此追查發現，其來源竟然是總統競選連任委員會的政治捐款和經費]。
1973年7月，案件的證據，包括前白宮幕僚在聯邦參議院水門委員會的證詞都開始指向白宮幕僚。而受到調查的白宮幕僚為了脫身，主動交代總統上任後曾在整個白宮安裝由語音自動啟動的錄音系統，並錄下白宮中幾乎所有的談話。而根據對這些錄音磁帶進行監聽後發現，理察·尼克森在水門竊聽案發前後，都曾經明示或暗示應該掩蓋其上任後無論是由其本人還是下屬所有過的一些並不完全合法的行動。經過一系列的司法訴訟，聯邦最高法院作出判決，要求總統必須交出錄音帶，尼克森總統最終服從了最高法院的判決。
面對國會眾議院幾乎可以肯定通過的彈劾總統的動議，並且也很可能會被參議院定罪，1974年8月9日，尼克森發表電視講話正式宣布辭去美國總統職務。傑拉爾德·福特繼任成為新的美國總統後，於9月8日宣布赦免他一切刑事責任。
Dieselgate occurred in 2015, and was the result of an investigation by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and California Air Resources Board alleging that Volkswagen Group "cheated" on TDI diesel engine emissions tests.
The word electrification means the act of providing electricity. In this article, it is more loosely associated with just the basic concept of electricity.
A plan is a series of actions required to achieve a particular goal. You have a plan to get through your workday more efficiently.
In this article, 『electrification plan』 is used to describe the process of developing electric-powered電動的 vehicles and the transition過渡 away from petroleum-fueled液化石油氣機動車 vehicles by the auto-maker.
Ford’s electrification plans have been slow to materialize.
福特的汽車電動化計劃一直很慢在落實。
Since power here is unreliable, a good electrification plan would be useful.
既然這裡電力供應不穩定，一個好的電氣化方案就非常有用了。
This idiom as used in this article simply means to make something stronger or more effective. This can be a physical or figurative action. The army can beef up its defenses on the hillside. You can beef up your vocabulary by learning new words.
The phrase is most commonly used to describe someone who has gotten bigger and stronger as a result of weight-training.
The city is beefing up police patrols to help fight crime.
這個城市正在加強警察巡邏以幫助打擊犯罪。
I took additional classes because I want to beef up my resume』.
我報了額外的課程，因為我想讓我的簡歷更好看。
A scheme is an elaborate and systematic plan of action. It should be noted that, particularly in the United States, the word 『scheme』 usually carries a negative connotation, bringing to mind devious plans and secret plots organized by scheming bad guys. The word 『plan』 is most commonly used in its place.
評註：在英式英語裡，scheme計劃=plan，scheme也有陰謀詭計這個意思，但是在美式英語裡面，只有陰謀詭計這個意思，所以在平時用plan就好。美式英語裡面表示拼車，通常用carpooling，其中pool是動詞，表示集中資源或資金公用（想像一下大家把錢都扔進池塘的感覺，比如lottery pool彩票池），當然也可以公用車輛即拼車。
Ride-sharing, more commonly called 『carpooling拼車』 in the USA, is an arrangement among automobile owners by which each in turn drives the others to and from a designated place.
A ride-sharing scheme is simply a detailed plan for people to share transportation to a certain place.
The new ride-sharing scheme confuses me.
新的拼車計劃讓我有點搞不懂。
I am signed up for the ride-sharing scheme with two other officemates.
我和其他兩位同事一起參加了一個拼車計劃。
A 『showdown』 is a face-to-face disagreement, many times hostile, and occasionally violent. Many times this word makes us think of the Old West days of the USA, where outlaws逃犯 and bandits土匪 challenged others to a showdown over a disagreement.
In this phrase, hasten means "to make happen quickly」. The word is always associated with increased speed.
To 『hasten a showdown』 simply means to make a face-to-face disagreement happen more quickly.
I think the senator’s 『no』 vote on the bill will hasten a showdown with the opposition.
我認為參議員否決這項提案將加速他和反對黨攤牌。
Voters want to hasten the showdown between Trump and Clinton with a debate.
選民想讓川普和希拉蕊一起來辯論以加快進入最後的決戰。
Tyres are the rubber part of the wheels of a car. Many times, tyres are used to generally describe the entire wheel. Note that 『t-Y-r-e-s』 is the British spelling, and 『t-I-r-e-s』 is the American spelling.
評註：輪胎的美式拼寫tire，英式拼寫tyre。
In this final sentence of the article, the writer is once again utilizing creativity, and subtly pointing back to the spirit of the opening sentence. Both sentences referred to a series of actions needed before a long road trip, such as filling the tyres. Both sentences have associated that idea figuratively with what Volkswagen company managers are doing - checking out everything and making sure all is in order so the company can run more smoothly as it moves ahead.
We need to fill the tyres before driving to Florida.
開車去佛羅裡達州之前我們需要給輪胎充氣。
The petrol station attendant will fill the tyres for you.
加油站的員工會幫你把輪胎充氣的。
Oil is the thick liquid used to lubricate潤滑 the insides of an engine. The oil helps the metal parts glide together more easily by reducing friction減少摩擦. This also helps keep the engine cooler.
When you 『top up the oil』, you check if the oil levels in the engine are sufficient, and if not, you add more to 『top it off』, or, 『top it up加滿』.
As mentioned with the previous word, this final sentence of the article subtly points back to the spirit of the opening sentence. Both sentences referred to a series of actions needed before a long road trip, such as topping up the oil. Both sentences have associated that idea figuratively with what Volkswagen company managers are doing - checking out everything and making sure all is in order so the company can run more smoothly as it moves ahead.
I should top up the oil in my car before driving to work this morning.
今天早晨開車上班之前我應該加滿潤滑油。
You should top up your oil only once before getting a complete oil change.
在更換潤滑油之前，你應該只加滿一次直到用完。
The word 『journey』 describes a voyage, or, the act of taking a voyage. You can journey across the Sahara, or, tell friends about your journey across the desert.
Bumpy means not smooth, as in covered in lumps and bumps, like a bumpy path that makes your car bounce.
The phrase 『bumpy journey』 is being used figuratively here, and means a difficult effort. The company, Volkswagen, is not literally moving from one place to another, but they are 『traveling』 to a better position as a company, and this 『journey』 may be difficult.
Explaining that failing grade to your parents will be a bumpy journey.
考試沒及格然後要跟父母解釋，這可並非易事。
Replacing the car’s headlights was an unexpectedly bumpy journey.
更換那輛車的前燈出乎意料的麻煩。
特約撰稿和語音講解：張滿勝老師（英國劍橋大學英語碩士。擁有十多年英語教學和研究經驗，對英語語法有深入研究。著有《英語語法新思維》系列圖書）
一、語法新思維：
But the hardest task will be cost-cutting while keeping uppity unions happy by preserving jobs for its mainly German workforce.
The firm is unlikely to announce reforms to corporate governance that would put more outsiders on the supervisory board, which might hasten a showdown with unions and a shift of production to low-cost countries.
二、語法加油站：
請說明下面句中的分詞的邏輯主語：
1. This is the hard reality that must be faced when viewing the film version of a beloved book.
2. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive while avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans.
三、參考答案(通常下一期才發這期答案)
1. when viewing = when one views，邏輯主語是泛指人們。
2. while avoiding = while they (=companies) avoid，邏輯主語是companies。
經濟學人「The Economist Espresso」，每天提供五篇文章的摘要，每篇摘要篇幅不超過150詞。
我們精挑細選其中的一篇，進行詳細英文批註並特聘美籍播音員校對並提供專業錄音，語法部分特邀國內著名的張滿勝老師撰稿並提供語音講解和配套練習。
零壹英語經濟學人Espresso(每日早新聞)研讀班
旨在通過每天跟著中外教的講解精讀一篇經濟學人Espresso的文章
積累實用詞彙、地道表達，在實際語境中更好地理解句子結構和語法點
反覆和純正美式發音的課文錄音進行放聲跟讀，多感官結合加深語感培養
並通過系統化學習的長期堅持，提高學員的閱讀速度和寫作構句能力
# 我們提供的學習內容包括：
周一到周五美籍播音員Michael的全英文講解(配文本)
特聘張滿勝老師每日針對文中的語法點進行重點講解
特別提供Michael錄製的課文朗讀，純正美式專業發音
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