2020年或許是最讓人感到猝不及防的一年，疫情席捲了大半年，不知不覺中歲末已經來臨。回想這一年，你最關注的新聞是什麼？經過我們在微博開展的12輪投票，每個月的月度新聞熱詞已經出爐。一起來回顧一下2020的新聞大事件吧。
1月熱詞：
新冠肺炎疫情 COVID-19 pandemic
2020年1月，湖北省武漢市等多個地區發生新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎疫情。
冠狀病毒（coronavirus）是一類主要引起呼吸道、腸道疾病（respiratory and intestinal diseases）的病原體。這類病毒顆粒的表面有許多規則排列的突起（a fringe of bulbous surface projections），整個病毒顆粒就像一頂帝王的皇冠（royal crown），因此得名「冠狀病毒」。冠狀病毒除人類以外，還可感染豬、牛、貓、犬、貂、駱駝、蝙蝠、老鼠、刺蝟等多種哺乳動物以及多種鳥類（mammals and birds）。
【關於新型冠狀病毒】
2019-nCoV, as it's been labelled, is understood to be a new strain of coronavirus that has not previously been identified in humans.
這種新型冠狀病毒（2019-nCoV）此前未在人類身上發現過。
Coronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people.
冠狀病毒是一個龐大的病毒家族，目前已知會感染人類的有六種（新發現的這種是第七種）。
Scientists believe an animal source is "the most likely primary source" but that some human-to-human transmission has occurred.
科學家認為動物是「最有可能的初始感染源」，不過，也有一些人傳人的病例。
Signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties.
感染症狀包括：呼吸道症狀，發燒，咳嗽，呼吸短促，呼吸困難等。
（以上信息來源於世界衛生組織）
2月熱詞：
疫情防控阻擊戰 the battle of epidemic prevention and control
疫情就是命令，防控就是責任。全國上下齊心協力、眾志成城，應對新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎疫情的防控工作有力有序有效開展。各地各部門堅定信心、同舟共濟、科學防治、精準施策，堅決打贏這場疫情防控阻擊戰。
武漢徵用24家醫院萬張床位收治發熱病人
Wuhan has planned to transform 24 general hospitals for temporary use to cope with the increasing number of patients with fever, said the city's health commission on Saturday.
武漢市衛健委1月25日表示，武漢市計劃徵用24家綜合醫院，臨時改造成為發熱病人收治醫院。
On the basis of the two designated hospitals and 61 fever clinics, the megacity decided to transform the 24 local hospitals in batches to provide thousands of beds for patients.
武漢在早期兩家定點醫院和61家發熱門診的基礎上，計劃分批徵用24家當地醫院，提供數千張床位。
In the first batch, seven hospitals have been transformed in accordance with the basic requirements of infectious disease prevention and control institutions to accept fever patients.
第一批7家醫院已參照感染性疾病防治機構的基本要求，臨時改造成為發熱病人收治醫院。
The second and third batch will involve three and 14 general hospitals, respectively.
第二批、第三批將分別徵用3家、14家綜合醫院。
工信部向武漢緊急調配各類應急救援物資
China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) has mobilized efforts to increase medical supplies to Wuhan.
工信部已經動員力量增加對武漢的醫療供應。
The MIIT had transferred 14,000 protective suits and 110,000 pairs of gloves from the central medical reserves to the hardest-hit city of Wuhan.
工信部通過中央醫藥儲備向疫情最嚴重的武漢市調用防護服1.4萬件、醫用手套11萬雙。
It also coordinated emergency supplies of 3 million masks, 100,000 protective suits and 2,180 pairs of goggles.
通過協調緊急採購，為武漢落實各類口罩貨源300萬個，落實防護服貨源10萬件，落實護目鏡2180副。
The ministry urged related provinces and regions to organize manufacturers to restore production to step up supplies including disinfectant and infrared thermometers.
工信部督促要求相關省（區、市）組織本地區企業立即復工復產，增加消殺用品和紅外線測溫儀的供應。
防止疫情跨境傳播，保護人民健康安全
海關總署發布公告，宣布重新啟動出入境人員填寫健康申明卡制度。
Outbound and inbound travelers should voluntarily report to customs officers if they feel sick with the symptoms of fever, cough and difficult breathing, according to China's customs and health authorities.
海關總署發布公告要求，出入境人員在出、入境時若有發熱、咳嗽、呼吸困難等不適，應當向海關工作人員主動申報。
The move was to curb the cross-border spread of the new coronavirus and to safeguard public health, according to a joint statement released by the General Administration of Customs and National Health Commission.
海關總署聯合國家衛生健康委員會發布公告防止疫情跨境傳播，保護人民健康安全。
Those who have made voluntary reports should collaborate with customs officers in following health quarantine which involves temperature screening, medical checks and medical investigation, said the statement.
主動申報的人員應配合海關做好體溫監測、醫學巡查、醫學排查等衛生檢疫工作。
3月熱詞：
復工復產 work resumption
Hubei will accelerate work and production resumption as the outbreak continues to ease. The province will adopt risk and region-specific restoration measures in its efforts to resume work and production, and enterprises have been classified into four categories in terms of priorities given in work resumption.
隨著疫情持續緩解，湖北省將加快復工復產，在落實分區分級差異化策略的前提下，對應不同優先等級，將復工復產的企業劃分為四類。
4月熱詞：
全國哀悼日 national day of mourning
China will hold a national mourning on April 4 for martyrs who died in the fight against the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and compatriots died of the disease, according to the State Council.
為表達全國各族人民對抗擊新冠肺炎疫情鬥爭犧牲烈士和逝世同胞的深切哀悼，國務院發布公告，決定2020年4月4日舉行全國性哀悼活動。
During the commemoration, national flags flied at half-mast across the country and in all Chinese embassies and consulates abroad, and public recreational activities were suspended across the country.
在此期間，全國和駐外使領館下半旗誌哀，全國停止公共娛樂活動。
【單詞講解】
「下半旗」除了可以用這裡的flags fly at half-mast表達之外，用flags fly at half-staff也是可以的。為什麼會用mast和staff這兩個詞呢？因為mast本意是「桅杆」，後來也用來指「旗杆」，而staff其實是flagstaff的縮寫，flagstaff相當於flagpole，本身就是「旗杆」的意思。
At 10:00 am, Chinese people nationwide observed three-minute silence to mourn for the deceased, while air raid sirens and horns of automobiles, trains and ships wailed in grief.
4月4日10時起，全國人民默哀3分鐘，汽車、火車、艦船鳴笛，防空警報鳴響。
【單詞講解】
「默哀」比較常用的英文表達是observe (three-minute) silence (for someone)或者pay silent tribute (to someone)。Tribute可以表示「（對死者的）致敬，悼念，致哀」。例如：an obituary tribute（悼辭）；此外，tribute還可以表示「頌詞」，例如：a birthday tribute（生日祝福）。
5月熱詞：
民法典 the Civil Code
十三屆全國人大三次會議以2879票贊成、2票反對、5票棄權，高票表決通過《中華人民共和國民法典》。
In addition to general and supplementary provisions, the Civil Code includes six parts on real rights, contracts, personality rights, marriage and family, inheritance, and tort liabilities.
除總則和附則之外，《民法典》包括物權、合同、人格權、婚姻家庭、繼承、侵權責任這六編。
The personal rights, property rights and other lawful rights and interests of the parties to civil legal relations shall be protected by law and shall not be infringed upon by any organization or individual, reads the Civil Code in its opening chapter.
《民法典》在總則部分明確，民事主體的人身權利、財產權利以及其他合法權益受法律保護，任何組織和個人不得侵犯。
保護人格尊嚴
The part on personality rights includes provisions on a civil subject's rights to life, body, health, name, portrait, reputation and privacy, among others.
人格權編包括民事主體享有的生命權、身體權、健康權、姓名權、肖像權、名譽權、隱私權等權利。
The part features stipulations on regulating studies related to human genes or embryos, strengthening privacy protection, banning sexual harassment, and other prominent issues of public concern.
人格權編還對嚴格規範與人體基因、人體胚胎等有關的科研活動，加強隱私保護，禁止性騷擾，以及其他公眾關注的重要問題進行了規定。
適應新形勢
Data and online virtual assets are also legally protected, according to the Civil Code.
《民法典》規定，數據及網絡虛擬財產也受法律保護。
Personal information includes an individual's name, birthdate, identity card number, fingerprints, home address and phone number, as well as email addresses and location data.
個人信息的範圍包括自然人的姓名、出生日期、身份證件號碼、個人生物識別信息、住址、電話號碼，以及電子郵箱地址和行蹤信息。
此外，《民法典》還對緊急情況下保護個人權利的條款做了微調。
For example, if the guardian of a child is unable to perform his or her duties due to emergencies like being put under medical isolation, primary-level Party committees or civil affairs authorities must take over the guardianship, according to the code.
比如，兒童的監護人在醫學隔離等緊急情況下無法履行監護責任的，基層黨委或民政部門必須承擔起監護責任。
Lawmakers say drafting the code is not about formulating a new civil law but rather systematically incorporating existing civil laws and regulations, modifying and improving them to adapt to new situations while maintaining their consistency.
人大代表們表示，起草《民法典》並不是制定一部新的民法，而是將現有的民事法律法規進行系統整合，在保持其一致性的前提下，根據新形勢進行修訂和完善。
The Civil Code will take effect on Jan 1, 2021.
《民法典》自2021年1月1日起施行。
6月熱詞：
北鬥全球衛星導航系統 Beidou Navigation Satellite System
6月23日9時43分，我國在西昌衛星發射中心用長徵三號乙運載火箭，成功發射北鬥系統第五十五顆導航衛星，暨北鬥三號最後一顆全球組網衛星。
The launch marked the completion of the in-orbit construction of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) , the country's largest space-based system and one of four global navigation networks, along with the United States' GPS, Russia's GLONASS and the European Union's Galileo.
此次發射標誌著北鬥全球衛星導航系統在軌部署完成，北鬥系統是我國最大的空間導航系統，也是四個全球導航系統之一，其他三個分別為美國全球定位系統、俄羅斯格洛納斯以及歐盟伽利略。
【知識點】
北鬥衛星導航系統（Beidou Navigation Satellite System）是中國著眼於國家安全和經濟社會發展需要，自主建設、獨立運行的衛星導航系統（independently constructed and operated by China），是為全球用戶提供全天候、全天時、高精度的定位（all-time, all-weather and high-accuracy positioning）、導航和授時服務（navigation and timing services）的國家重要空間基礎設施。
中國高度重視北鬥系統建設發展，自 20 世紀 80 年代開始探索適合國情的衛星導航系統發展道路，形成了「三步走」發展戰略：2000 年年底，建成北鬥一號系統，向中國提供服務；2012 年年底，建成北鬥二號系統，向亞太地區提供服務（provide services in the Asia-Pacific region）；計劃 2020 年前後，建成北鬥三號系統，向全球提供服務（provide global services）。2035 年前，將以北鬥系統為核心，建設完善更加泛在、更加融合、更加智能的國家綜合定位導航授時（positioning navigation and timing，PNT）體系。
1994年，北鬥衛星導航系統啟動建設。20多年間，我國在西昌衛星發射中心共組織了44次北鬥發射任務，利用長徵三號甲系列運載火箭，先後將4顆北鬥一號試驗衛星（experimental satellites）、55顆北鬥二號和北鬥三號組網衛星（third-generation satellites）送入預定軌道，任務成功率100%。
By now, 59 satellites, including the first four experimental ones, have been launched from Xichang on Long March 3Bs, some having since been put into retirement.
到目前為止，西昌衛星發射中心通過長徵三號乙運載火箭共發射了59顆北鬥衛星，其中包括四顆試驗衛星，有些衛星已經退役。
There are 30 third-generation Beidou satellites in three types of orbit — 24 in medium-Earth orbits, three in inclined geosynchronous satellite orbits and three in geostationary orbits.
目前，在軌北鬥三號衛星共有30顆，包括24顆中圓地球軌道衛星、3顆傾斜地球同步軌道衛星和3顆地球靜止軌道衛星。
7月熱詞：
《香港特別行政區維護國家安全法》The Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR)
The Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) was passed unanimously at the 20th session of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress (NPC), China's top legislature.
十三屆全國人大常委會第二十次會議全票通過了《中華人民共和國香港特別行政區維護國家安全法》。
《中華人民共和國香港特別行政區維護國家安全法》共6章、66條，明確規定了香港特別行政區維護國家安全的職責和機構（the duties and government bodies of the HKSAR for safeguarding national security），分裂國家罪（secession）、顛覆國家政權罪（subversion）、恐怖活動罪（terrorist activities）、勾結外國或者境外勢力危害國家安全罪（collusion with a foreign country or external elements to endanger national security）四類罪行和處罰。
According to the law, the central government will set up an office in the HKSAR for safeguarding national security.
根據該法，中央人民政府將在香港特別行政區設立維護國家安全機構。
The HKSAR will establish a committee for safeguarding national security, which is under the supervision of and accountable to the central government. To be chaired by the HKSAR chief executive, the committee shall have a national security adviser designated by the central government. The Hong Kong police force will also set up a department for safeguarding national security, according to the law.
香港特別行政區設立維護國家安全委員會，接受中央人民政府的監督和問責。香港特別行政區維護國家安全委員會由行政長官擔任主席，委員會設立國家安全事務顧問，由中央人民政府指派。香港特別行政區政府警務處設立維護國家安全的部門。
According to the law, people convicted of the national security crimes could face up to life imprisonment.
該法規定，被判決犯危害國家安全罪行的人員面臨的最高刑罰為無期徒刑。
Convicted criminals will be disqualified from running for public office, and people in public office who are found guilty of the crimes will be removed from their posts.
任何人經法院判決犯危害國家安全罪行的，即喪失作為候選人參加香港特別行政區任何公職的資格，在任公職人員喪失任職資格。
The law shall apply to acts committed after its entry into force for the purpose of conviction and imposition of punishment, according to its provision.
本法施行以後的行為，適用本法定罪處刑。
8月熱詞：
數字人民幣 digitalized currency
The People's Bank of China, the central bank, is testing its digital currency in Shenzhen, Chengdu, Suzhou, Xiong'an and some areas where the 2022 Winter Olympics will be held.
中國人民銀行將在深圳、成都、蘇州、雄安以及2022年冬奧部分場景開展數字人民幣試點。
【知識點】
中國人民銀行自2014年開始研究法定數字貨幣。2017年，中國人民銀行數字貨幣研究所正式成立。經國務院批准，人民銀行組織部分實力雄厚的商業銀行和有關機構共同開展數字人民幣體系（digital currency and electronic payment，DC/EP）的研發。
中國人民銀行數字貨幣可以看做是數位化的人民幣現金（digitalized currency），由央行結算且具有法償性（legal tender）。從使用場景上看，央行數字貨幣可用於小額、零售、高頻的業務場景，與使用紙幣差別不大。它不依託於銀行帳戶和支付帳戶，只要用戶手機裝有數字貨幣錢包（digital wallet）即可使用。
中國人民銀行日前召開的2020年下半年工作電視會議指出，法定數字貨幣封閉試點順利啟動。
Currently, the tests include salary payments to civil servants, payment for public transport services and energy and supply chain trading.
目前，試點涉及公務員工資支付、公共運輸支付以及能源供應鏈支付等領域。
9月熱詞：
中國國際服務貿易交易會 China International Fair for Trade in Services
The China International Fair for Trade in Services, which was held in Beijing on Sept 4, staged a total of 190 forums and negotiations under the theme of "Global Services, Shared Prosperity".
中國國際服務貿易交易會於9月4日在北京舉辦，主題為「全球服務，互惠共享」，會議期間舉辦190多場論壇及洽談活動。
【知識點】
根據世界貿易組織（WTO）的界定，服務貿易（trade in services）有12大領域，包括商業服務（business services）、通訊服務（communication services）、建築及相關工程服務（construction and related services）、金融服務（financial services）、旅遊及旅行相關服務（tourism and related services）、娛樂文化與體育服務（entertainment, culture and sports services）、運輸服務(transport services )、健康與社會服務（health and social services）、教育服務（educational services）、分銷服務（distribution services）、環境服務（environmental services）及其他服務。
中國國際服務貿易交易會（China International Fair for Trade in Services，CIFTIS）的前身是「京交會」（China (Beijing) International Fair for Trade in Services/Beijing Fair），自2012年首屆舉辦以來已8年。作為服務貿易領域的龍頭展會，服貿會同廣交會、進博會一起成為中國對外開放的三大展會。
為了讓受疫情影響無法到現場的嘉賓也能參加會議，同時擴大會議影響力，服貿會採取線上線下結合的方式。
As of Aug 30, over 2,000 firms had signed up as offline exhibitors, while more than 4,000 companies will showcase their products and services online.
截至8月30日，參加服貿會線下展會的企業有2000餘家，線上參展4000餘家。
Overseas exhibitors and guests will mainly attend the fair through online platforms to forestall risks brought by the COVID-19 pandemic.
為了防範新冠肺炎疫情風險，海外參展商以及嘉賓將主要通過線上平臺參加服貿會。
Activities focusing on the twelve major areas of trade in services were held, covering 20 themes such as winter sports, cultural services, financial services, 5G communication services, education services, sports services, service robots, public health and epidemic prevention, e-commerce, environmental services, technical services, construction services, transportation services, tourism services, design services, exhibition services, intellectual property rights, and traditional Chinese medicine services.
2020年服貿會聚焦服務貿易12大領域，以冬季運動、文化服務、金融服務、5G通信服務、教育服務、體育服務、服務機器人、公共衛生防疫、電子商務、環境服務、技術服務、建築服務、運輸服務、旅遊服務、設計服務、展會服務、智慧財產權、中醫服務等20個專題為核心舉辦活動。
10月熱詞：
十九屆五中全會 the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee
中國共產黨第十九屆中央委員會第五次全體會議，於2020年10月26日至29日在北京舉行。
全會聽取和討論了習近平受中央政治局委託作的工作報告，審議通過了《中共中央關於制定國民經濟和社會發展第十四個五年規劃和二〇三五年遠景目標的建議》（proposals for formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035）。
11月熱詞：
《區域全面經濟夥伴關係協定》Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
After eight years of negotiations, 15 Asia-Pacific countries signed the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on Nov 15, the world's biggest trade pact. The agreement involves all 10 member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and five of its major trading partners－China, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.
經過八年談判，亞太地區15個國家於11月15日籤署《區域全面經濟夥伴關係協定》（RCEP）。該協定是全球最大的貿易協定，參與國家包括東協十國及其五個主要貿易夥伴：中國、日本、韓國、澳大利亞及紐西蘭。
12月熱詞：
離婚冷靜期 cooling-off period
《中華人民共和國民法典》將於2021年1月1日起正式施行，其中新增的「離婚冷靜期」受到網民關注。
Under the Civil Code, couples will have a 30-day cooling-off period after handing their divorce application to the civil affairs department. During the period, either party can withdraw the application.
《中華人民共和國民法典》規定，夫妻雙方在向民政部門提交離婚申請後，要經歷30天「冷靜期」，在此期間，任何一方可撤回申請。
【詞彙講解】
這裡的cooling-off來源於動詞短語cool off，可表示「變涼，冷靜」等意思，比如：Make sure you cool off the broccoli in ice water after you boil it.（西藍花用熱水煮過以後記得放冰水裡冷卻。）Don't talk to your mother like that! Go to your room and cool off!（不許那樣跟你媽媽說話！回你的房間冷靜一下！）
After 30 days, if both parties still insist on divorce, they should proceed to the civil affairs department in person and ask for the issuance of their divorce certificates. Otherwise, they will be treated as having withdrawn the application.
三十天後，如果雙方仍然堅持要離婚，雙方要共同親自到婚姻登記機關申請離婚證，而其間雙方沒有共同親自到場申請離婚證的，即視為撤回離婚登記申請。
針對網友擔憂，「離婚『難度』增大，會不會給婚姻弱勢一方造成更大傷害？」「家暴受害者能順利離婚嗎？」
民政部社會事務司二級巡視員楊宗濤回應，
The application system should only be used by couples who had reached an amiable agreement. Situations involving domestic violence are better served through the court system.
關於離婚冷靜期制度的規定只適用於協議離婚。對於有家暴情形的，當事人可向法院起訴離婚。
（中國日報網英語點津）
來源：中國日報網