Hello來到餘區廣播臺的微信公眾號,今天給大家推薦的作品是《飛不起來的童年》。電影《飛不起來的童年》(Conducta 2014)似乎是在思考自由教育問題,對於古巴這樣的國家來說,這點頗令人意外。無論「自由教育」概念如何界定,它的本質一定是關乎自由的。「自由」首先應當表現為消極意義上的「免於不當幹預的自由」,其次是積極意義上「可自由地去做什麼」的自由。
The authority of the old teacher Carmela in this film comes from her "free" education practice. Not only does she work hard to avoid improper interference in her education activities from outside, she also works hard to protect her students. Let them receive education freely, and let education be their means to gain freedom.
在Carmela的心目中,教育具有神聖的地位。她的教師資格證書掛在聖母像旁邊;她信仰教育,當然,她不允許「信仰」被玷汙,就像她不允許教會牧師同樣否認祖母的信仰一樣,這種反抗是決定性的,她在與代表政府權力的兒童事務專家Raquel對抗時的表情可以解釋一切。
在她看來,教育是教育工作者的事。當教育者能夠自己解決教育內部事務時,任何來自外部的幹預都是不恰當的,尤其是當這種幹預僅僅是為了自己的形象而不是為了受教育者的時候。即使他代表政府,這種幹預也是一種明顯的「罪惡」,即自由的敵人。
Therefore, Camilla emphasized the difference between the past and the present life. The past life was simple. Teachers can "prepare" students for how to deal with it. However, modern life is complicated. Even the government cannot and should not replace students in making decisions about how to deal with life.
Because in her opinion, the more intervention, the less freedom; education can only be a means for students to gain freedom, not the shackles of freedom.Accordingly, she resisted all improper interference and contemptuously called them "shit stuff".
The absence of external intervention does not mean that freedom of education is acquired for granted. "Political correctness" is sometimes an invisible pressure, and it may also be internalized as a guide for certain teacher behavior standards and become an invisible killer that interferes with the freedom of education.
除了抵制不正當幹涉,爭取外部教育自由外,內部教育自由仍需積極維護。當然,這種「主動維護」總是與「爭取外在自由」密切相關.
對Carmela來說,學生的言論自由受到充分尊重和保護。過分強調教師的權威,會侵犯學生的言論自由。在Carmela看來,每個班都有像Chala這樣「坐立不安」的學生,但她認為用語言「對抗」並不是什麼大不了的事,「畢竟,他們都是孩子!」
換句話說,她似乎認為「權威感」是一種老師們的自戀。不過Marta把Chala送到再教育學校是因為Chala打架,很明顯,她與Chala的碰撞是導火索。
就Chala事件而言,Carmela是否過度維護Chala?即使是為了維護言論自由,我們也可能認為打架是錯誤的,但Carmela並沒有因此批評Chala。雖然這看起來有點不合理,但它確實有它的光輝之處。
Fighting is an expression. Although the method is a bit extreme, the purpose is completely legitimate, because what Chala wants to maintain is in full compliance with the correct values. You may have seen that after the fight, not only did the students who were beaten dared not humiliate them rashly, but other students also knew that this was a bad practice.
It is not so much that Camilla is partial to Chala, it is better to say that she is upholding correct values. Fighting may indeed be dangerous, but this kind of physical collision between young boys is also an indispensable part of their growth process. Even if it does not happen at school, it will happen outside school.Restricting "collision" sometimes limits their opportunities for "education."
保障學生言論自由最突出的事件是教室牆上出現「宗教畫」。雖然這是Yeni紀念已故同學的自然表現,但對於社會主義國家的官員Raquel來說,這是一種反叛的表達。
她之所以拒絕聽取任何解釋並強烈反對,是因為這涉及某種政治原則。然而,這一表述值得肯定。即使我們都是社會主義國家的受眾,我們也都這麼認為,因為保護兒童的自然情感,防止他們受到粗暴的政治幹預,是保證兒童情緒正常發展的基本條件。
尤其是在同學過世的特殊時刻,讓「孩子們懂得生死的意義」。而且,Yeni的行為與學校是否支持和宣揚宗教無關。因此,Carmela在回答Raquel的問題時說:「我不被允許,但孩子們是自由的。」
這表明Carmela認為,兒童的言論自由不應受制於成人世界的政治規則。如果Carmela不堅持這一點,任由政治踐踏孩子們稚嫩的心靈,那麼這種教育必將成為自由的桎梏。
因此,當Carmela說:「這是自然發生的,而且必須自然發展」,我們確實感到了一種力量,我們確實感到非常震驚,也許這是因為我們的「良心感到虧欠太多了」!
Paternalistic education or management of children is always questioned. The reason for this is that it imposes the subjective judgment of adults on the children, thus depriving the children of free choice in the future. However, we all know that, as Camilla said, "Children never choose", whether in terms of their abilities or their conditions.
However, adults sometimes have to make choices for their children. In this way, when adults make choices for their children, they should have a certain standard. What can this standard be? Raquel, who represents the national interest, is based on the regulations set by the government, while Camilla’s standard is the freedom of children and their free development.
因此,在Chala事件中,Carmela堅持讓查拉留在普通學校,因為她知道,如果她屈服於政府的壓力,再教育學校將成為「他生命中不可磨滅的印記」。在「偽造學籍」的情況下,如果學籍不是偽造的,Yeni可能會失去學習的機會。
「假學生身份」事件顯示了Carmela對平等教育機會的渴望,最後一幕她諷刺Raquel,反映了她對平等的一定觀念。由於環境的影響,耶尼無法在Havana繼續學業。
即使Raquel覺得自己在Chala事件中欠了良心,想彌補Yeni的學校地位,也讓人覺得她是個無原則的人,也是如此。孩子們,為什麼要區別對待他們?
Of course, what makes Camilla the most uncomfortable is that when she explained that her behavior was only out of "conscience", Raquel still had to mention the religious card again, so Camilla ridiculed "You really do not understand anything". Indeed, she does not understand that education is actually an emotional career.
這部電影的名字叫《飛不起來的童年》,你以為所有的故事都會有美好的結局那就錯了。Carmela老師想要幫助Chala和Yeni,讓他們的未來更好。在古巴本身的教育和法律漏洞面前,Carmela老師一個人起到的作用還是不夠的。導演想要表達的也是這一點。
Chala和Yeni就像這隻鴿子一樣,張開了翅膀想要翱翔於天際,但是雙腳被牢牢的禁錮住。最後,Chala的媽媽還是沒有成功戒掉毒癮,他還是不知道他的父親是誰,經濟困難依然沒有克服,教育專家,社工依然想把他送到再教育學校。Yeni的學籍問題還是沒有解決,她和她的父親要被遣送回他們的戶籍所在地。
該來的麻煩一個不少都來了。而在教育制度和法律面前弱小的他們,毫無招架之力。一個國家對於教育事業的重視程度直接體現了這個個國家的實力和素質。Chala在這個社會裡,用著自己的方式,努力的支撐一個家,努力的生活下去,cermela的偉大在於無私,而Chala的偉大,在於對希望和美好的執著追求。正如鏡頭下的古巴——不斷散發著強烈的生命力。
播音 | 楊卓達 洪揚 胡藝馨
編輯 | 詹謠 劉昱婷 張皓茜
導播 | 李申
宣策 | 武辰株
圖片來源於網絡