倒裝是一種語法手段,用於表示一定的句子結構或強調某一句子成分。倒裝句有兩種:完全倒裝和部分倒裝。
完全倒裝
1) 完全倒裝即把整個謂語放到主語之前(是整個謂語動詞,而非助動詞)。
例如:The teacher came in and the class began.(沒有倒裝)
In came the teacher and the class began. (老師走了進來,然後開始上課。)
2) there引出的完全倒裝句:除了最常見的there be句型以外,there還可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等,一般都譯成"有"的含義,構成完全倒裝句。
例如:There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.(遠處有個穿黑色衣服的人。)
3) 由地點和時間副詞引出的完全倒裝句:以地點副詞here, there和時間副詞now, then 開頭,後面的動詞是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等,而主語又是名詞時,構成完全倒裝句。Up climbed the boy when his mother came.
4)表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置於句首,謂語表示運動的動詞且主語是名詞時使用完全倒裝
5)在強調狀語時
(1)當句首狀語為方位詞或擬聲詞,謂語動詞為go, come等表示位置轉移的動詞時句子須倒裝。例如:
1 Up went the plane.
2 In came the chairman and the meeting began.
註:如果主語是代詞則不發生倒裝。例如:
1 Out they rushed!
2 Lower and lower he bent.
(2) 當句首狀語為表示地點的介詞詞組時,句子須倒裝。例如:
1 Round the corner walked a large policeman.
2Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.
(3) 當句首狀語由「only +副詞」,「only +介詞詞組」,「only +狀語從句」構成時,句子須倒裝。例如:
1 Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. (不屬於完全倒裝)
2 Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.
6)當句首狀語為here, there, now, then等時,句子須倒裝,主語是代詞時,句子不用倒裝。例如:
1)Here is a ticket for you.
2)Now comes your turn.
3)Here he comes.
7)以關聯詞so (…that)開頭的句子中,句子須倒裝。例如:
1)So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
2)So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.
3)So much does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night.
註:在該結構中,「so +形容詞」是表語的前置;「so +副詞」是狀語的前置。
.在直接引語之後
在敘事性書面語中,直接引語後常跟asked Mary, answered John, said the old lady, grunted Peter之類的詞語。在這些詞語中,動詞常的主語之前,主語是代詞時,不用倒裝。例如:
1)「What do you mean?」 asked Henry.
2)「What do you mean?」 he asked.
. often, many a time等表示頻度的狀語置於句首時
例如:Often did they think of going there, but they never had a chance.
12.在as, though引導的讓步狀語從句中
在as, though引導的讓步狀語從句中,一般將形容詞、副詞或名詞等置於句首。例如:
1)Small as the atom is, we can smash it.
2)Big as the workpiece is, it is turned out with
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轟炸機肚底下竄出一枚飛彈。
Out he rushed.
注意:
1) 在here, there引出的倒裝句中,當主語是普通名詞時用完全倒裝句,但當主語是代詞時,就要用部分倒裝句。
例:Here comes the postman!(郵遞員終於來了!注意實意謂語動詞位於主語之前。)
Here we are.(我們到了。注意系動詞位於主語代詞之後。)
2) 當主語是代詞,謂語是系動詞,表語是說明性的詞、詞組和定語從句時,可以使用完全倒裝句,起強調作用。
例:Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.(他真幸運,被一所名牌大學錄取了。)
Typical for China is the crosstalk show where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play.(中國典型的是相聲表演,兩個喜劇演員通過文字遊戲逗樂觀眾)
部分倒裝解析
1) 部分倒裝即只把謂語的一部分(如助動詞、情態動詞等)放到主語前,或把句子的強調成分提前。
Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about(疾病沒有使他放棄過上夢想中的生活)
2) 以否定詞開頭的句子要求部分倒裝。注意下列句子中助動詞或情態動詞提前、甚至補充助動詞的用法: 例:Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.(小約翰直到昨天才改變了主意。) In no country other than Britain, it had been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.(據說除了英國世界上沒有哪個國家能讓人在一天中感受到四季變化)
3) 以否定副詞開頭並加狀語放在句首的句子要求部分倒裝。這些否定副詞有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely…… when, never, no sooner…… than, rarely, no more, not nearly, not only等以及only。 Only in the country can you learn the 「true English」.
4)一些如scarcely……when, no sooner ……than, hardly……when引導的主從複合句主句要求使用過去完成式。 注意:在部分倒裝句中,只有助動詞、情態動詞或連繫動詞to be可以置於主語之前,其它部分都要置於主語之後。
5)此外,一些介詞+no+名詞的結構中需要用部分倒裝,這些結構包括at no time; by no means; by no manner of means; for no reason; in no case; in/under no circumstances; in no sense; in no way; on no account; on no consideration; at no point例如Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money. 注意:
a) 如果含有從句時,只要求主句倒裝: 例:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.(只有當他已經說出那個字後才意識到自己犯了個大錯誤。)
b) 如果上述否定副詞出現在強調句型中的前半部分,不用倒裝:
例: It was not until he went abroad that he knew the truth of the fact.(直到他出國以後才了解到事實真相。)
c) 如果hardly, scarcely後面接的是any, ever, at all時,意義類似almost no/ not/ never(幾乎不、從不),則無須倒裝。
例:Hardly any people invited went there.(幾乎沒有什麼受到邀請的人去那裡了。)
6) 由no matter how, however和how引導的狀語從句要求部分倒裝,因為形容詞或副詞通常緊跟在這三個引導詞後面,然後才是主語和謂語,形成形式上的部分倒裝句:
例:I know nothing about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how deep it is.(我一點也不了解這條河,不知道它有多長,多寬或多深。)
7) 由as引導的部分倒裝句:
a) 當as作為比較意義時,即用於as + adj./ adv. + as結構中時,如果把第一個as省略掉,就形成部分倒裝句。
例:Cautious as the rest of her family (was) , she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.(正如她家裡人一樣謹慎小心,她似乎不願意立即回答我的問題。)
She charged the stairs, quick as a rabbit (ran).(她跑上樓去,跑得象兔子那麼快!)
b) 當 as引導讓步狀語時,和although, though一樣,當用作「儘管」之義時,可以用於部分倒裝句。
Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.(雖然他很用功,但他還是沒及格)
c) 表示原因時,為了強調起見,也可以倒裝。
例:Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.(因為他太累了,我們決定不打擾他。)
d) 等於so時,意義是「也,也是」
例:She worked hard, so/ as did her husband. (她工作很努力,她的丈夫工作也很努力。)
so, neither, nor倒裝
除了構成上述倒裝句以外,還可以取代上文出現的名詞、形容詞甚至整句話,構成完全倒裝句或部分倒裝句。但這兩種倒裝的意義不同。
a) 當so表示「也,相同,那樣」時,通常表示對前一句肯定句的贊同、一致內容,要求使用完全倒裝句:
He promised to finish my homework, so did I.
b) so /such ……that句型可以構成部分倒裝句,表示強調so /such和that之間的部分:
例:So selfish was she that everyone avoid talking with her.
c)也存在such+be+主語的情況用以強調,例如Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.(阿爾伯特?愛因斯坦是一個有偉大成就的普通人)
d) neither和nor共有4種倒裝形式,其含義分別為:
1) 完全倒裝時:表示"也不",和上文a)用法正好相反,表示對前一句否定句的贊同或一致內容。
例:You don't know what to do now, neither/ nor do I .(你不知道現在該做什麼,我也不知道。)
2) 和其它否定副詞連用,表示"也(不)",也要求用完全倒裝句:
例:The besieged enemy could not advance, nor / neither retreat could they .(被包圍的敵人既不能進,也不能退。)
注意:若把這句話改成:"The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.(被包圍的敵人既不能進,也不能退。)"就不必倒裝。
She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper.
3) 用在肯定句裡,構成一般否定倒裝:
例:All that is true, nor must we forget it.(那全都是真的,我們可不能忘記。)
部分倒裝作用
有承上啟下作用,表示同意和贊同:
例:A: I couldn't do anything for her.(我幫不了她。)
B: Nor you could, but you might have got somebody to help her.(你是不能幫她,但你本可以找人幫她的。)
2) 在進行比較的句子裡,如果主語不是代詞時,可以倒裝:
例:America consumes more energy than did our country.(美國消耗的能源比我們國家多。)
3)在某些表示祝願的句型中要求倒裝。如May you happy.
4)在文學作品中常出現倒裝,有些是由於語法習慣,有些是為了簡單的修辭,如Not even one cloud will I bring away(不帶走一片雲彩).
不用倒裝的地方
注:如果only後面的詞組不是狀語,則不用倒裝.
Only Wang Ling knows this .
如果直接引語後註明引語是什麼人說的,而且主語是名詞時,用倒裝結構;主語是代詞時,一般不用倒裝。
" Let's go ," said the man .
分類
there be結構的倒裝
在「there be」(或there + appear to be,come,exist, happen to be, lie, live, occur, remain, seem, seem to be, stand, used to be) 雪結構中,倒裝形式為完全倒裝。如:
There were many students in the reading room in this evening.
今晚閱覽室裡有許多學生。
There is a TV set, a stereo system and a number of chairs in the sitting room.
客廳裡有一臺電視機,一套組合音響和一些椅子。
here,there,now,then等引起的倒裝
在以here,there,now,then等簡短副詞引起的句子中(前三個須用一般現在時),動詞往往是be,come,go等時, 這類句子大多帶有引起注意的含義。如:
Here comes the bus.
公共汽車來了。
Here is the letter you have been looking forward to.
你久盼的信在這兒。
但要注意:如果主語是人稱代詞,則不用倒裝。如:
Here they are. 他們在這兒。
省略if的非真實條件狀語從句中的倒裝
虛擬結構中的條件從句省去if時,were, had, should須移至主語之前。如:
Had you worked harder at college, you would have got better job.
如果你在大學期間讀書用功些,現在就會找到一份更好的工作。
Were he better qualified, he would apply for the position.
要是他的條件再好些,他就申請這個職位。
what,how引起的倒裝
以What, how開頭的感嘆句(表語或賓語提前)。如:
What beautiful weather (it is)!
多好的天氣啊!(表語提前)
What a lovely picture he painted!
他畫了一張多好的畫啊!(賓語提前)
疑問詞或連接詞引起的倒裝
在疑問詞或連接詞whether等引起的從句中。如:
Whatever you may say, I won’t go there.
無論你怎樣說,我都不會去那兒。(狀語從句中賓語提前)
What book he wants is not clear.
他要什麼書還不清楚。(主語從句中賓語提前)
否定詞位於句首時引起的倒裝
(1). never,seldom,hardly,little,few等引起的倒裝
否定詞never,seldom,rarely,hardly,barely,scarcely,little,few等位於句首時所引起的倒裝句通常為部分倒裝形式,如果謂語動詞為be的一般現在時或一般過去時,則為完全倒裝形式。如:
Never shall I forget the days when you were with us.
我很少有時間去看電影。
(2). nowhere,no longer,no more等引起的倒裝
nowhere(無處),no longer(不再),no more(也不)等否定詞位於句首時所引起的倒裝句通常為部分倒裝形式,如果謂語動詞為be的一般現在時或一般過去時,則為完全倒裝形式:
No longer was he in charge of this work.
他不再負責這項工作了。
(3). not until,not a,not in the least等引起的倒裝
not until(直到……才),not a(一個……也沒有),not in the least(一點兒也不),not for a minute/moment(一點兒也不)等位於句首時,通常引起倒裝(not a之後的名詞作主語時除外),其形式通常為部分倒裝形式,如果謂語動詞為be的一般現在時或一般過去時,則為完全倒裝形式。如:
Not until all the demands had been turned down did the workers decide to go on strike.
一直到所有的要求遭到拒絕之後,工人們才決定罷工。
Not once did he talk to me.
他一次也沒有和我談過。
(4). under no circumstances,by no means,in no way等引起的倒裝
in/under no circumstances(無論如何不),by no means (決不),in no case (無論如何不),in no way (決不),on no account (決不可),on no condition(決不)等短語位於句首時所引起的倒裝句通常為部分倒裝形式,如果謂語動詞為be的一般現在時或一般過去時,則為完全倒裝形式。如:
In no case must force be resorted to.
決不準許訴諸武力。
By no means is it true that all English people know their own language well.
並非所有的英國人都通曉本國語。
關聯連詞位於句首時引起的倒裝
(1). not only...but also引起的倒裝
not only...but also位於句首所引起的倒裝句為部分倒裝形式,如果謂語動詞為be的一般現在時形式或一般過去時形式,則為完全倒裝形式。如: Not only should we not be afraid of difficulties, but also we should try our best to overcome them.
我們不僅應該不怕困難,而且應該盡最大努力去克服它們。
(2). neither...nor引起的倒裝
neither...nor位於句首引起的倒裝句為部分倒裝形式,如果謂語動詞為be的一般現在時或一般過去時,則為完全倒裝形式。如:
Neither Peter wanted the responsibility,nor did his wife.
彼得不想擔此責任,他妻子也不想擔此責任。
(3). hardly...when/no sooner...than引起的倒裝
hardly/scarcely/barely...when或no
sooner...than位於句首所引起的倒裝句為部分倒裝形式,如果謂語動詞為be的一般現在時或一般過去時,則為完全倒裝形式。如:
Hardly had he arrived when/No sooner had he arrived than he was asked to leave again.
他剛到就又被請走了。
(4). so...that引起的倒裝
so...that位於句首所引起的倒裝句為部分倒裝形式,如果謂語動詞為be的一般現在時或一般過去時,則為完全倒裝形式。如:
So angry was he (He so angry) that he couldn’t speak.
他如此憤怒,以致說不出話來。
(5). such...that引起的倒裝
such...that位於句首所引起的倒裝句為部分倒裝形式,如果謂語動詞為be的一般現在時或一般過去時,則為完全倒裝形式。如:
Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.
爆炸的威力如此之大,以致所有的窗戶都被震破了。
only引起的倒裝
當副詞only位於句首並修飾狀語或賓語時,引起句子的倒裝,其形式通常為部分倒裝,如果謂語動詞為be的一般現在時或一般過去時,則為完全倒裝。如:
Only in this way can you solve this problem.
只有用這種方法,你才可以解決這個問題。
Only yesterday did I finish this the book.
到昨天我才讀完那本書。
表語位於句首時所引起的倒裝
當作表語的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語等位於句首時,常常引起倒裝,其形式為完全倒裝:
Aristotle says,「Plato is dear to me,but dearer still is truth.」
亞裡斯多德說,「吾愛柏拉圖,但更愛真理。」
Present at the meeting were Professor Smith,Professor Brown,Sir Hugh and many other celebrities.
到會的有史密斯教授、勃朗教授、休爵士以及許多其他知名人士。
狀語位於句首時所引起的倒裝
(1). 當位於句首的狀語是一些表示地點的介詞短語或表示運動方向的副詞(如away,back,down,in,off,out,up)時,常常引起倒裝,其形式為全部倒裝。如:
Away went the runners.
賽跑手們刷地跑開了。
Down came the rain.
雨譁地落下來了。
(2).介詞短語作地點狀語,放在句首,後面跟的是不及物動詞be,come,sit live,stand,lie,exist等時常常引起倒裝,其形式為全部倒裝。如:
Next to the table is a chair.
桌旁有把椅子。
At the South Pole lies Antarctica, the coldest and most desolate region on earth.
南極洲位於南極,它是地球上最寒冷和最荒涼的地區。
狀語從句中的倒裝
(1).讓步狀語從句中的倒裝
as引導的讓步狀語從句中的倒裝:
在as引導的讓步狀語從句中,位於句首的可以是形容詞、名詞、副詞,還可以是謂語動詞的一部分,從而形成從句的部分倒裝。如:
Tires as he was, he continued the work.
雖然他累了,但是仍然繼續工作。
(2).方式狀語從句中的倒裝
as引導的方式狀語從句一般為正常語序,但是,如果主語比謂語長,可將謂語動詞置於主語之前,形成完全倒裝。如:
He believed,as did all his family,that the king was the supreme lord.
他和他全家人一樣,都認為國王是至高無上的君主。
(3).比較狀語從句的倒裝
than引導的比較狀語從句中的倒裝:
由than引導的比較狀語從句一般為正常語序。但是,如果主語較長,可將謂語動詞置於主語之前,形成完全倒裝:
Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than does eastern Nebraska.
內布拉斯加西部地區的降雪通常比東部地區少。
the more...,the more...結構中的倒裝
在以the more..., the more...引導的倒裝結構中,採用部分倒裝;如果主句的主語較長,可將謂語動詞置於主語之前,形成完全倒裝。如:
The more books you read(賓語提前),the wider your knowledge is(表語提前).
書讀得越多,知識就越淵博。
用於其他一些特殊句型中
用於有直接引語的句型中
在直接引語之後,「主語+ say/ ask之類的動詞」可以用正語序,也可以倒裝,在書面語中常用全部倒裝。如:
--「What do you mean?」 asked Henry. (or:…Henry asked.)
--「Perhaps he isn’t a bad sort of chap after all,」 remarked Dave.
--「I am aware of that,」 replied the Englishman.
--「Please go away,」 said one child. 「 And don't come back,」 pleaded another.
但是,主語是代詞時不用倒裝。請比較:
--「What do you mean?」 he asked.
--「Who’s paying?」 shouted the fat man at the corner. 「You are,」 I answered.
用於表示祝願/意願的句型
這種祈求性虛擬語氣一般只用於幾種相當固定的說法中。如:
--Long live the People’s Republic of China!
--Far be it from me to spoil the fun.
「may + 主語 + 謂語」這種結構表示一種願望或詛咒。
--May you live a long and happy life!
--May the best man win!
--May he never set foot in this house again!
--May you break your neck!
用於 「so…that…」句型中
把so置於句首的情形下,需要部分倒裝。如:
--So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him.
--So suspicious did he become that…
--So vigorously did he protest that the authorities reconsidered his case.
用於as之後,表示狀態和相似
倒裝在文學體裁中有時出現在as之後,例如:
--She traveled a great deal, as did most of her friends.
--The present owner is a keen art collector, as were several of her ancestors.
--She looks forward, as does her secretary, to the completion of the building.
在條件和讓步分句中
a. 用於條件句中
表達虛擬的if從句(非真實條件從句)中的if可以省略,句子呈現倒裝。例如:
--Were I Tom I would refuse. (=If I were Tom…)
--Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have left her alone. (=If I had known …)
--Should you change your mind, no one would blame you. (= If you should change…)
b. 用於以as, though引導的表達讓步的從句中
在這樣的分句中,句子部分倒裝。如果是though作引導詞,句子可以用倒裝也可以不用倒裝,而如果是as為引導詞,則一定要用倒裝。如:
--Eloquent though/as she was, she could not persuade them. (or: Though she was eloquent…)
--Child though Tom was then, he had to earn his living. (= Though Tom was a child then…)
--Change your mind as you will, you will gain no additional support.
另外,that也可以象as, though一樣用於倒裝方式表示讓步。如:
--Fool that he was, he managed to evade his pursuers. (= Even though he was a fool…)
--Poor that they were, they gave money to charity. (= Even though they were poor…)
用於感嘆句中
感嘆句通常採用正語序,即主語在前,謂語在後。但有時感嘆句採用的卻是疑問句的形式。尤其是在美國英語中,感嘆句常常象普通疑問句。
--Isn’t it cold! 真冷!
--Am I fed up! 我膩煩死了!
--Did he look annoyed! 他看來可氣惱了!
涉及副詞so的兩類常考倒裝
這類倒裝主要見於以下兩種情形:
1. 當副詞so後接形容詞或副詞位於句首時,其後要用部分倒裝。如:
So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天氣太冷,我們只好呆在家裡。
So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快,我們幾乎沒法想像它的速度。
So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 襲擊來得非常突然,我們來不及逃跑。
2. 當要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情況也同樣適合於後者,通常就要用「So+助動詞+主語」這種倒裝結構。如:
You are young and so am I. 你年輕,我也年輕。
She likes music and so do I. 她喜歡音樂,我也喜歡。
If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事,我也能。