Hello I'm Emma from mmmEnglish! A couple of weeks ago, I created a lesson about the present perfect tense.
嗨！我是 Emma 來自 mmmEnglish！幾周前，我做了一個關於現在完成時的課程。
What it looks like, how to use it and all of that good stuff! I talked about when to use the present perfect simple tense and when to use the past simple tense.
關於它是什麼樣的，如何使用它等等不錯的內容！我講到了什麼時候用一般現在完成時，什麼時候用一般過去完成時。
Now if you missed it, you can check it out right here. But after watching that lesson, many of you asked me "So when do we use the present perfect simple tense and when do we use the present perfect continuous tense?"
那麼如果你錯過了它，你可以在這裡點擊觀看。但是在看完那門課程後，很多人會問我 「那麼我們什麼時候用一般現在完成時，什麼時候用現在完成進行時呢？」
A lot of you also asked, "So when do you use these words 'since' and 'for'?" Now, both of these questions are really important questions when you're using the present perfect tense in English.
很多人還會問，「什麼時候用 since 或者 for？」所有這些問題都是你在使用現在完成時時非常重要的問題。
So, in this video I'm going to answer both of those questions.
This channel is all about speaking and communicating confidently in English and I know that fixing some of these common grammar errors is an important part of helping you to feel confident when you're using English so that when you do speak, you can express yourself clearly and automatically.
所以，在本視頻中我會回答這些問題。本頻道完全是關於自信說英語，自信用英語交流的，而我知道修正這些常見的語法錯誤，是幫助使用英語的你們感到自信的一個重要部分。
這樣當你在使用英語時，你可以清楚自如地表達自己。
So let's start by talking about the present perfect simple tense and the present perfect continuous tense. They have eaten the pizza.
那麼我們從一般現在完成時和現在完成進行時開始說起。他們已經吃完了披薩。
So this is the present perfect simple tense. We have the auxiliary verb, have, with our main verb in past participle form.
這是一個一般現在完成時。我們有助動詞，have，還有主動詞的過去分詞形式。
They have been eating the pizza. Now this is the present perfect continuous tense.
他們在吃著披薩。那麼這個就是現在完成進行時。
We still have the auxiliary verb, have, but now we have the word, been, and our main verb in a continuous or progressive form.
So when you compare these two sentences, the main difference is that the first one tells us that the action finished in the past, there is no more pizza, now in the present.
我們還是用助動詞，have，但是我們還用了這個單詞，been，我們的主動詞則是連續或進行式。
當你在比較這兩個句子時，主要的不同是第一個告訴我們動作在過去已完成，現在，已經沒有披薩了。
The second sentence - the present perfect continuous tense - suggests that there is still pizza left now. They haven't eaten all of the pizza yet.
而第二個句子，現在完成進行時，則表示現在還有剩下的披薩。他們還沒有吃完全部的披薩。
We can use either of these tenses to talk about events that happened in the past but they're somehow connected to the present. She has borrowed our car.
我們可以用任何一個句子來談論發生在過去的事，但是它們都以某種方式聯繫著現在。她借了我們的車。
So this is an action that happened in the past but it's important to the present because we don't have a car right now.
We're focused on the result when we're using the present perfect simple.
那這是一個過去已經發生的動作，但是它對現在也重要，因為我們現在沒有車了。
我們在使用一般現在完成時時要注意結果。
She's been borrowing our car every Thursday. Now, this sentence suggests that the action is still happening.
她每周四都會借我們的車。那麼，這個句子就是在暗示這個動作還在進行中。
So next Thursday, she'll probably borrow the car again. So here, our focus is on the action.
下周四，她可能還會再借車。那麼，我們的重點在動作上。
The action is unfinished. Now the present perfect continuous is your best choice when the focus is on an activity that is unfinished.
動作未完成。當重點是一個動作未完成時，那麼現在完成進行時就是最好的選擇。
So let's compare another example. I've searched the internet for more information.
那麼，我們和另一個例子相比較。我在網上查詢了更多的信息。
Now this sentence suggests that you're not searching anymore.
The action finished in the past but it's important to the present because right now, in this moment, we don't have the information.
那麼，這個句子表示你現在沒有再找了。動作在過去已經完成了，但對現在而言很重要，因為現在，當下，我們沒有信息。
I've been searching the internet for more information.
This sentence suggests that you're still doing it, you haven't given up yet and you're still looking for the information now.
我正在網上尋找更多的信息。這個句子暗示你還在做這件事，
Let's try another example. We've written an essay about climate change.
我們再看一個例子。我們已經寫了一個關於氣候變化的論文。
The action here is finished. It's in the past, we've already completed it.
動作是已經完成的。在過去，我們已經完成了這個動作。
So you can also say we wrote an essay about climate change using the past simple but to connect it to the present and make it important to the present you need to use the present perfect tense.
Think about if you were with a group of scientists and you wanted to demonstrate to them or show them that you were knowledgeable about the topic of climate change.
那麼你還可以說我們寫了一個關於氣候變化的文章，使用一般過去時，但是若想把它和現在聯繫到一起，使其顯得對現在來說很重要，那麼你需要用現在完成時。
想想如果你和一個科學家小組在一起，而你想要向他們展示你對於氣候變化的議題非常了解。
You can connect your past experience to the present using the present perfect tense. Writing the essay is part of your life experience now.
你可以用你過去的經驗和現在聯繫起來，使用現在完成時。寫這個論文是你生活經驗的一部分。
We've been writing an essay about climate change suggests that you're still doing it.
The essay is not finished yet, you're still working on it at the moment, in the present.
我們正在寫氣候變化的文章表示你們正在做這件事。這篇論文還沒有完成，你在現在還是在寫，在目前。
I have been studying Spanish. This is an unfinished action - I'm still doing it.
我正在學西班牙語。這是一個未完成的動作，我還在做這件事。
The continuous form makes it clear that the action is still happening. I'm still studying in this moment.
進行時是讓其更清楚，這個動作還在發生。我在現在還在學習。
I have studied French. By using the present perfect tense here, it suggests that the action happened regularly in the past, but that it doesn't happen in the moment.
我學過法語。但是使用現在完成時，表示這個動作在過去有規律性的發生，而現在沒有了。
But by using this tense - not the past simple tense - I'm suggesting that somehow it's meaningful or relevant to the present. Like, I know a little French.
通過使用這個時態，而不是使用一般過去時，我是在暗示它對現在有意義或者有關係。比如，我會一點兒法語。
I'm not studying it at the moment but I know a little. Okay this last example is a little more difficult to explain and understand.
我現在沒有學，但是我會一點。最後這個例句有一點難以解釋和理解。
There are a few verbs in English like the verb, live and work, where the difference between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous is less clear.
But I'm going to try and explain it for you now.
英語中有一些動詞，比如 live 和 work，它們的一般現在完成時和現在完成進行時的區別不太清楚。但我打算盡力解釋給你。
I've lived here for five years. I'm from Melbourne originally, but I've been living here for five years.
我在這住了5年了。我來自墨爾本，但是我在這住了5年。
So both of these sentences use the adverb, for, to give us more information about how long the action has been happening for, the duration of time.
But to understand the difference, we need to think about these examples in slightly different ways.
這兩個句子都用了副詞，for，向我提供關於這個動作發生了多久的信息，持續的時間。但是為了理解區別，我們需要想一些稍微不同的例子。
The present perfect simple, I have lived suggests that the action is a permanent thing. The present perfect continuous often tells us that the action is a more temporary thing.
一般現在完成時，我已經住了，表示這個動作是永恆的。而現在完成進行時則表示這個動作更偏暫時的。
It's not as permanent. It suggests that I might live somewhere else, in the future.
不是永久性的。它暗示我未來可能會在別的地方。
Okay, how do you feel about the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous tenses now? Hopefully a little clearer!
那麼，現在你怎麼看一般現在完成時和現在完成進行時呢？希望清楚了一點！
Now, we're going to focus on those two adverbs that you can use with these tenses. Now there's quite a few adverbs that you can use with the present perfect tenses like already, yet, before just ever never.
那麼，我們打算著重於可以用於這些時態的兩個副詞。其實有一些副詞你都可以用於現在完成時，比如 already，yet，before just ever never.
But in this lesson, we're going to focus on for and since. Both of these words are used with the present perfect tenses and the past perfect tenses.
但是在本節課，我們打算重點講 for 和 since。所有這些詞都可以用於現在完成時和過去完成時。
And both of these words explain how long something has been happening for, it's a duration of time.
So when you're using the present perfect tense and you want to give more information about the amount of time that the action's been happening for, you can use the words "for" and "since".
而所有這些單詞解釋的是某事發生了多久，是一段時間。
那麼當你正在用現在完成時時，你想要提供更多關於時間的信息，關於這個動作發生了多久，你可以用單詞 "for" 和 "since"。
Now it's important to remember that the word "since" can only be used with the perfect tenses but the word "for", can be used in other tenses as well when you want to give more information about the time it took to do something.
So these two important words can be easily confused, in the present perfect.
重要的是要記住單詞 "since" 只可以用於完成時態，但是單詞 "for"，可以用於其他時態，或者當你想提供關於做某事花費多長時間的信息時。
那麼在現在完成時裡，這兩個重要的單詞很容易混淆。
Using the wrong one is a very common mistake for English learners. We use the word "for" with a period of time.
對於英語學習者而言普遍會用錯。我們用 "for" 加一段時間。
Okay so like, three days, this is a period of time. So I want to show you on a timeline how this works.
就像，3天，這是一段時間。所以我想向你展示一個關於它是如何運作的時間軸。
This is today. This is Sunday. And this point in our timeline is Thursday.
這是今天。這是星期天。這個點在我們的時間軸裡是星期四。
This is when the action happened or it started happening. So the focus is on this period of time, here.
這是動作發生或者開始的時間。那麼重點就在這個時間段，這裡。
For periods of time, we need to use "for". For three days.
對於時間段，我們需要用"for"。3天。
For three months. For an hour.
3個月。一個小時。
For two and a half years. For a long time.
兩年半。很長一段時間。
Even though we're not talking about a specific amount of time, this reference refers to a period of time, a long period of time. So we still need to use "for".
儘管我們沒有說一個明確的時間，但這個參考指一段時間，很長一段時間。所以我們需要用"for"。
Now let's add this to some of the examples in the present perfect structure. We have lived in London for six years.
那麼，我們來把這個應用到一些現在完成時結構的例句中。我們在倫敦住了6年。
He has borrowed my car for three days. They've been waiting for an hour.
他借用我的車3天。他們已經等了一個小時。
Now, you need to use "since" with a specific moment in the past - with a specific point in time. So let's go back to our timeline to talk about it.
用單詞 "since" 你需要加過去的一個特定時間，一個特定的時間點。我們回到時間線來一起討論一下。
So today's Sunday, here we are on Sunday and this is the point when the action happened or it started happening.
This point is Thursday so we can say that we've been doing the action since Thursday.
今天是周日，我們在周日，這個點就是當動作發生或開始發生的時間點。
這個時間點是周四所以我們可以說從周四開始在做這個動作。
So the focus is on the point in time when the action happened or it began. So, since I lived in Brazil.
所以重點是在這個時間點動作發生或者開始了。那麼，自從我住在巴西以來。
Or since 3 o'clock. Since 1992.
或者從3點開始。從1992年。
Since last week. So let's add "since" to the present perfect structure.
從上周。我們將 "since" 加到現在完成時結構。
I have lived here since I was a child. I've been working here since April.
從我是一個小孩的時候，我就住在這。我從4月份開始在這工作。
They've been waiting since 9:00 a. m. I've had these pens since I was at school!
他們從9點開始等待。從我上學起我就有這些鋼筆了。
I've been expecting the parcel since last Tuesday! These structures with "for" and "since" are really useful when answering questions that start with "how long"
從上周三開始我就期待著這個包裹。當回答用 "how long" 開頭的句子時，加 "for" 和 「since」 的結構就很有用。
How long have you been travelling? I've been travelling since June.
你旅行多久了？自從6月開始我就在旅行。
I've been travelling for 3 months. So make sure that you're always listening for the clues in a question, like this, how long, if someone's asking how long, then you can use these words "for" and "since" to give your answers in the present perfect.
我已經旅行3個月了。你要保證總能在問題中聽到線索，比如，how long，如果某人問多久，那麼你可以用單詞"for" 和 "since" 用現在完成時的形態給出答案。
Well that's it for this lesson! Even though the present perfect tenses can be frustrating at times, be patient while you're perfecting it.
那麼，這就是本節課的內容！儘管現在完成時有時會很煩人，但當你在完善它時耐心一點。
Don't just use the past simple tense because it's easier. I want you to really take the time to practice the present perfect, because it allows you to be so much more expressive with your English.
不要因為簡單就總是用一般過去時。我希望你能真的花時間練習現在完成時，因為它能讓你的英語表達更充分。
And the more often that you do it, the more naturally it will come to you. So make sure that you subscribe to this channel right here,
你練習的越多，使用的就越自然。你一定要訂閱本頻道。
I make new lessons every week. To keep practising with the present perfect tenses, watch this playlist here because I've been making a few lessons about the present perfect recently.
我每周都會有新課程。想要繼續練習現在完成時，看這裡的播放列表，因為我最近還製作了一些關於現在完成時的課程。
But you can also explore other lessons, right here. Thanks for watching and I'll see you in the next lesson here on the mmmEnglish YouTube channel.
但是你也可以看看其他的課程，在這裡。感謝觀看，我們下節課再見！
Bye for now!
拜拜！