中國考生在準備雅思考試時,存在一個普遍問題:習慣花時間做聽力閱讀的真題,卻很難堅持張嘴練口語,最終由於缺乏練習無法拿到理想的口語分數。有些同學抱怨說沒有語言環境和練習夥伴,就沒有動力練口語。其實,這不是真正的原因,也不應該成為藉口。很多人口語好的原因不是因為出過國,也不是因為有外國朋友,而是因為自己堅持練習。關鍵的問題在於練習方法。接下來,Bamboo就給大家介紹一種最經典最有效的口語練習方法:複述。
一 改變糟糕的口語練習習慣讓我們首先通過對比一些糟糕的口語練習習慣,來發現複述的好處。在雅思考生中現存兩種令人哭笑不得的練習方法,一是不辭辛勞的背範文,二是不辭辛勞的把自己想說的每一個字都寫下來。結果在考試的時候生搬硬套,邊說還要邊回憶背過的東西,無法自然交流,反而影響了考試分數,得到事倍功半的效果。
複述(retell)就是囊括這幾種能力的練習方法。複述是用自己的語言轉述剛讀到或聽到的材料,以鞏固記憶的操作過程。它不需要練習夥伴,也不用自己想語料,方便一個人自學。複述也非常適合雅思口語考試的準備,因為考官所期望看到的正是考生用邏輯清晰、意義明確的語言自然交流不同話題的能力。
二 複述在備考中的具體應用在備考雅思口語的過程中,應該怎樣操作這一方法呢?Bamboo給大家分別講一下怎樣運用資料和範文進行複述練習。
1 複述資料的方法步驟雅思口語分為三個部分,第一和第三部分是回答考官的問題,第二部分是一個1-2分鐘的針對話題卡的即興陳述。不管是哪個部分的練習,哪個話題,如果自己不知道從何說起,都可以先查閱相關資料,尋找語料。可登陸Yahoo Answers, Quora, China Daily,Time和Wikipedia之類的官網搜索資料,也可以在網際網路上直接搜關鍵詞,但搜出來的最好是英語國家的網站,或者中國比較正規的網站,避免用不地道的英語文章。然後,將資料中的關鍵詞以及地道表達劃出來或複製粘貼在自己的文檔裡。此時,複製下來的關鍵詞可能還比較凌亂,可以稍微整理一下,變成一個有邏輯的提綱。如果有必要,也可以加一點自己的想法進去,也是幾個關鍵詞就行,不要寫完整的句子,否則就變成練習寫作了。最後,看著提綱,用自己的話說一遍。
例如,雅思口語第二部分有一個讓很多同學不知從何說起的話題——衣服,歷年的考法有: a piece of clothing, a traditional Chinese dress, a piece ofclothing you wear on a special occasion等等。針對考題,我們準備一段關於傳統服飾的素材比較方便,例如,代表中國女性特色的旗袍,可以用在以上所有題裡,甚至可用於a work of art等題。
在google上搜索qipao,會找到一個網站的連結 http://www.chinavista.com/experience/qipao/qipao.html,有專門關於旗袍的介紹:
The cheongsam is a female dress with distinctive Chinese features and enjoysa growing popularity in the international world of high fashion.
The name "cheongsam," meaning simply "long dress,"entered the English vocabulary from the dialect of China's Guangdong Province (Cantonese).In other parts of the country including Beijing, however, it is known as "qipao"and has a history behind it.
When the early Manchu rulers came to China proper, they organized certain people, mainly Manchus, into "banners" (qi) and called them"banner people" (qiren), who then became loosely known as Manchus.The Manchu women wore normally a one-piece dress which, likewise, came to becalled "qipao" or "banner dress." Although the 1911 Revolution toppled the rule of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty, the female dress survived the political change and, with later improvements, has become the traditional dress for Chinese women.
Easy to slip on and comfortable to wear, the cheongsam fits well the female Chinese figure. Its neck is high and closed, and its sleeves may be either short, medium or full length,depending on season and taste. The dress is buttoned on the right side, with aloose chest, a fitted waist, and slits up from the sides, all of which combine to set off the beauty of the female shape.
Another beauty of the cheongsam is that, made of different materials and to varying lengths, they can be worn either on casual or formal occasions.In either case, it creates an impression of simple and quiet charm, eleganceand neatness. No wonder it is so much liked by women not only of China but of other countries as well.
這篇介紹清晰簡練,我們很容易就能劃出其中能用於考題的內容(如下劃線所示)。例如,fits well the female Chinese figure (顯身材)、fitting waist(收腰)、sleeves(袖子)這些精確的場景詞彙,可能不查資料的話,自己不能表達的如此地道。不過,本文畢竟是書面語,長度和結構都並未基於考題,因此我們需要根據考試要求稍作整理:
考題還原:
Describe an item of clothing
You should say:
What the item is
Whatit looks like
On what occasions people wearit
And explain why it is so important.
提綱整理:
一 是什麼?
1 Qipao,traditional female dress,distinctive Chinese features
2 Cheongsam, Cantonese, long dress
3 Qing dynasty, Manchu rulers
二 外觀?
1 fits well the female Chinese figure
2 fitted waist, sets off the beauty of the female shape
3 different materials
三 什麼場合下穿?
1 casual or formal occasion
2 celebrations and weddings
四 重要性?
simple & quiet charm, elegance & neatness
這個過程用電腦操作特別方便,只需複製粘貼成自己能看懂的簡易提綱就行。1-2分鐘的陳述不需要太長的提綱,只要選出自己覺得最方便記憶的幾個點就行。而像旗袍的歷史發展以及細節的特徵,不必過多贅述。也可以加入一些自己的想法,例如,人們現在主要在慶典和婚禮(celebrations and weddings)的時候穿旗袍。
接下來,我們看著提綱,組織語言,可以說出類似這樣的一段話:
I』d like to tell you something about the Qipao, which is a kind of traditional female dress with distinctive Chinese features. It is also known as『Cheongsam』,which means『long dress』 in Cantonese. It became popular in the Qing dynasty when the Manchu rulers came to China proper.
The biggest feature of the Qipao is that it fits well the female Chinese figure.For example, it usually has a fitting waist, which sets off the beauty of the female shape. As far as I know, many different kinds of material can be used fo rQipao, namely, silk or cotton.
Qipaocan be worn either on casual or formal occasions. Nowadays, it is more commonly seen on important occasions like celebrations and weddings. During a wedding,the bride usually wears Qipao to mark the most important day of her life.
I think that the main reason why people are so fond of the Qipao is that it createsan impression of simple and quiet charm, elegance and neatness. It is now becoming more and more popular in the international world of high fashion.
以上回答在結合材料的同時加入了自己的一些想法,可謂邏輯清晰、句型連貫、詞彙貼切,最重要的是語言表達自然流暢。
2 複述範文的方法步驟除了網上的資料以外,參考書上的部分範文也是能用來複述的。判斷範文是否能為自己所用主要看範文的內容是否容易記住。以下再以一篇範文為例(選自新東方教育科技集團雅思研究院編著的《雅思口語》):
Okay,I would really love to own a smartphone. I think they are amazing, because they are so tiny, and they can do so many things!I really like the way they look—so slim and light. But the incredible thing is what they can do. A smartphone is a kind of three things in one—a phone, an ipod and a computer. So it is really useful, because you can do all the things you normally do with a phone, like texting and calling people but you can also listen to your favorite music mostly when I’m on the bus, or walking somewhere, like to school. And I would use it to share music with my friends. I think I could even use it to download films and music videos. You can also use them to store your photos and other stuff.Actually, you can use it to take your own photos as well. There is no keyboard,so you just touch the screen to type and send text messages. I really want to get one because all my friends have them and I think they are souseful. But I probably have to wait until my parents buy me one. I love new technology—I’m always interested in the latest things.
此篇範文可用於電子產品和網站之類的高頻題。整理出來的提綱為:
一 是什麼?
smartphone
二 外觀?
tiny,slim and light
三 功能?(此處可以加些自己上網的活動)
useful,a phone, an ipod and a computer
1 listen to favorite music,share music with friends
2 download films and videos
3 store photos and other stuff
四 為什麼喜歡?
1 touch the screen to type
2 new technology(談論對新技術的喜愛)
3 複述注意的幾個問題複述練習的過程當,有幾個環節可以進一步優化:
1 範文材料如果有配套音頻,可以邊聽邊記筆記,這樣還能同時練習聽力和單詞拼寫。
2 有條件的話,最好錄下自己的複述。複述完之後聽錄音,糾正語法錯誤,改掉不符合英文習慣的「嗯哼呃」等口頭語,並檢查句型還有什麼能改進的地方。這是突破瓶頸追求進步的最好方法。
3 複述至少兩到三遍,最後一遍的時候注意重音節奏和抑揚頓挫,適當配合肢體語言,就像對面坐著個考官一樣。
剛開始運用複述練習法的時候可能會不太熟悉,習慣了就會越來越高效。考前把最近常考的口語機經題像這樣進行練習,每天練兩個題,直到能流利表達為止。第二天給自己一分鐘時間,看能否快速回憶起昨天練過的題,在紙上寫下幾個要點,然後再講述一遍。這樣方能做好充分的準備,充滿信心的進考場。
三 用複述練習提升聽說能力雅思口語考試是非常實用的交流能力的測試,不是光背模板句就能應對的。只有從根本上提升英語交流能力才能拿高分。大多數參加雅思考試的同學都是要準備出國留學的,雅思的備考其實不光只是為了一個分數,也是為了在海外更好的生存和學習。在海外學習是否吃力,能否能交到朋友、積極生活,很大程度上就是由英語聽說讀寫能力決定的。因此,即使在雅思通過之後,也請大家堅持日常聽說的練習。
每天只需半小時時間:
1 選擇材料:國外電臺節目,或者新概念二冊三冊的課文,約1-2分鐘。要找適合自己的材料,60%以上能聽懂的為佳。
2 聽一遍材料,不用記筆記。
3 一句話口頭總結材料的內容,比如誰在什麼時間什麼地方做了什麼。
4 精聽材料,記下關鍵詞,聽不懂的地方要多聽幾遍並嘗試自己拼寫出來(聽不懂有可能是因為生詞或者語音連讀)。
5 比較記錄的信息和原文是否匹配,並複述原文,至少兩遍。
6 如果還有時間,大聲朗讀模仿原文,注意語音語調和抑揚頓挫。
有input(輸入)才能更好的output(輸出),有output才能運用好input的東西。這個聽說練習過程將Input和output有效結合起來,並同時積累了新單詞,鍛鍊了信息提取能力、邏輯思維能力、語言表達能力,提升了語感。
糾正多年養成的不好的學習習慣,是一個痛苦的過程。但我們必須得這樣做,才能改變啞巴英語的現狀。一旦開始每天堅持說英語,你會發現,英語慢慢變成了一種交流的工具、一種傳遞信息和情感的媒介、一種學習新知識的渠道。同時,你會欣喜的發現,你不僅僅掌握了一門語言,而且在和人交流時更有話題了,做演講的時候更加思路清晰了,做事情的時候更加井井有條了。
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