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(一)助動詞有be, have, do, will, shall。它們本身沒有詞義,只和實義動詞的一定形式構成複合謂語,用來表示時態和語態,構成否定、疑問及加強語氣等。
1、be (am, is, are, were, been)
(l)「be + -ing」構成進行時態;
(2)「be + 過去分詞」構成被動語態;
(3)「be + 動詞不定式」構成複合謂語:
①表示按計劃安排要發生的事。The prime minister is to visit Japan next year. 總理將於明年訪問日本。
② 用於命令。You're to do your homework before you watch TV.你得做完了作業才能看電視。
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2、have (has, had)
(1)「have+過去分詞」構成完成時態。如:Have you seen the film ? (2)「have been + -ing」構成完成進行時態。如:What have you been doing these days? 這些日子你一直在幹什麼?
3、do (does, did)
(1)「do not + 動詞原形」構成行為動詞的否定式。如:His brother doesn’t like playing basket.;
(2)「Do + 主語 + 動詞原形」構成行為動詞的一般疑問句。Does he go to school by bike every day?
(3)「do + 動詞原形」用於祈使句或陳述句中表示加強語氣。如:I did go to see him, but he wasn’t in我確實去看望他了,但他不在家。Do do some work. 請一定做點什麼;
(4)代替前面剛出現的動詞以避免重複。My mother told me to go to bed early. So I did.
4.will, shall (would, should)
「will (shall+動詞原形」構成一般將來時,一般來說shall用於第一人稱,will用於第二人稱或第三人稱,口語中常用will代替shll,如:We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.
(二)情態動詞
情態動詞表示說話人對某一動作或狀態的態度,可以表示「可能」、「可以」、「需要」、「必須」或「應當」等之意。情態動詞沒有人稱和數的變化。但不能單獨作謂語動詞用,必須和不帶to的不定式連用構成謂語動詞。只有情態動詞ought要和帶to的動詞不定式連用,在句中作謂語用。
將情態動詞置於主語之前即構成其疑問式,在情態動詞之後加not既構成其否定式。現將各情態動詞的基本用法分述如下:
1、can和could (could為can的過去式) 的基本用法
(1)表示能力,如:He can speak English better than you.
(2)在疑問句和否定句中表示「懷疑」、「猜測」或「可能性」,如:Can this green bike be Liu Dong's?
(3)表示「許可」時can可以和may換用,如:You can (may) go home now.
(4)如果要表示語氣婉轉,可用could代替can,這時could不再是can的過去式,如:Could you come again tomorrow?
(5)can和be able to都可表示能力,兩者在意思上沒有什麼區別。但是can只能有現在式和過去式,而be able to則有更多的形式,如:He will be able to do the work better.
2、may和might (might為may的過去式)的基本用法
(1)表示允許或徵詢對方許可,有「可以」之意,如:You may use my dictionary. 在回答對方說「可以做某事」或「不可以做某事」時,一般多不用may或 may not,以避免語氣生硬或不容氣。而用比較婉轉的說法進行回答。如:---- May I use this dictionary? ---- Yes, please. 或 ---- Certainly. 在請求對方許可時,如果Might I…? 就比用May I…? 語氣更婉轉些,如:May I have a look at your new computer? 但是表示「阻止」或「禁止」對方做某事時,要用must not代替may not,如:---- May we swim in this lake? ---- No, you mustn’t. It’s too dangerous.
(2)may或 might都可以表示可能性,表示「或許」、「可能」之意,如果用might表示可能性,則語氣更加不肯定,如:They may (might) be in the library now .
3、must的基本用法
(1)must表示「必須」、「應該」之意,其否定式 must not,縮寫形式為 mustn't,表示「不應該」,「不準」、「不許可」或「禁止」之意,如:We must study hard and make progress every day. You mustn't touch the fire.
(2)對以must提出的疑問句,如作否定回答時,要用needn't或用don't (doesn't) have to (不 必)來回答,而不用mustn't,因為mustn't表示的是「禁止」或「不許可」之意,如:---- Must we finish the work tomorrow? ---- No, you needn't (don't have to), but you must finish it in three days.
(3)在肯定句中must可以表示推測,表示「一定」或「必定」之意,如:---- Whose new bike can it be? ---- It must be Liu Dong's. I know his father has just bought him a new one.
4、can, could, may, must後接完成式的用法
(1)can, could後接完成式的用法:
①在否定句或疑問句中表示對過去發生過的事情的「懷疑」或「不肯定」的態度,Could he have said so?
②在肯定句中,可以表示過去可能做到而實際並沒做到的事情,有「勸告」或「責備」的語氣。
如:---- When did you answer her letter? ---- Only yesterday. ---- It's too late. You could have answered it earlier, I am sure.
(2) may, might後接完成式的用法
①表示對過去某事的推測,認為某一件事情在過去可能發生了。如果使用might,語氣就比較婉轉或更加不肯定,如:Mary might have learned some Chinese before.
②可以表示過去本來可以做到而實 際沒有做到的事情,有「勸告」或「責備」的語氣,如:You didn't do the work well that day. You might have done it better.
(3)must後接完成式的用法:表示對過去某事的推測,認為某事在過去一定做到 了,如:Liu Dong isn’t in the classroom. He must have gone to the library.
5、have to 的基本用法:have to和must的意義相近,只是 must側重表示說話人的主觀看法,而have to 則表示客觀需要,如:I must study hard. I had to give it up because of illness.
6、ought to的基本用法
(l)表示根據某種義務或必要「應當」做某事,語氣比should強,例如:Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations.
(2)表示推測,注意與must表示推測時的區別:He must be home by now .(斷定他已到家),He ought to be home by now .(不十分肯定),This is where the oil must be.(比較直率) ,This is where the oil ought to be. (比較含蓄) ;
(3)「ought + have+ 過去分詞」表示過去應做某事而 實際未做。例如:You ought to have helped him. (but you didn’t) 這時,ought與 should可以互相換用。注意,在美國英語中ought to 用於否定和疑問句時to可以省略。例如:Ought you smoke so much? You oughtn’t smoke so much.
7、dare的基本用法
(l)dare (dared為其過去式) 作情態動詞用時,主要用於否定句,疑問句和條件從句中,如:Dared he bread the traffic regulations again?
(2)在現代英語中dare常用作行為動詞,其變化與一般行為動詞相同,如:She dares to stay at home alone at night.
8、need的基本用法
(1)need作情態動詞用時,主要用於否定句和疑問句中,如:He needn't worry about us now.
(2)need也可作為行為動詞用,可用於肯定句,否定句和疑問句中,其後可接名詞、代詞、動名詞或帶 to 的動詞不定式為其賓語。如:You need to practise reading aloud every day.
(3)needn't後接完成式可以表示過去做了一件本來不必要做的事情,如:---- Did you answer the letter yesterday? ---- Yes, I did. ---- But you needn’t have answered it.
9、shall的基本用法
(1)shall用作情態動詞時,用於第二、三人稱,表示說活人的意願,可表示「命令」、「警告」、「強制」、「威脅」或「允諾」等意,如:He shall go first, whether he wants to or not.
(2)在疑問句中,shall用於第一、三人稱,表示說話人的徵詢對方意見或請求指示,如:Shall I open the door?
10、should的基本用法
(1)should作為情態動詞可以表示「建議」或「勸告」,有「應該」之意,如:You should learn from each other.
(2)should後接完成式表示過去沒有做到本來應該做的事情,或是做了本來不應該做的事情。如:You should have give him more help.
11、will的基本用法
(1)用於各人稱,可以表示「意志」或「決心」,如:I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen.
(2)在疑問句中用於第二人稱,表示說話人向對方提出請求或詢問對方的意願,如:Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium?
(3)will可以表示一種習慣性的動作,有「總是」或「會要」之意,如:Every morning he will have a walk along this river.
12、would的基本用法
(1)would作為will的過去式,可用於各人稱,表示過去時間的「意志」或「決心」,如:He promised he would never smoke again.
(2)在疑問句中,用於第二人稱,表示說話人向對方提出請求或許問對方的意願時,比用will的氣更加婉轉,如:Would you like some more coffee?
(3)在日常生活中,學用「I would like to…」表示「我想要」或「我願意」之意,以使語氣婉轉,如:I would like to do Ex.2 first.
(4)would可以表示過去的習慣動作,比used to正式,並沒有「現已無此習慣」的含義。如:Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class. / During the vacation he would visit me every week.
(5)表料想或猜想,如:It would be about ten when he left home./ What would she be doing there?/ I thought he would have told you about it.
13、used to, had better, would rather的用法
(1)used to表示過去的習慣動作或狀態,現在已不存在,在間接引語中,其形式可不變,例如:He told us he used to play foot ball when he was young. 在疑問句、否定句、否定疑問句或強調句中,可有兩種形式。疑問句:Did you use to/ Used you to go to the same school as your brother? 否定句:I usedn’t to / didn’t use to go there. (usedn’t 也可寫作usen’t);否定疑問句:Usen’t you to/ Didn’t you use to be interested in the theatre? 強調句:I certainly used to/ did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.;其反意疑問句或簡略回答中,也有兩種形式:She used to be very fat. didn’t she?/ use(d)n’t she? Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did./ Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did./ used to.
(2)had better意為「最好」,後接不帶to的不定式,例如:---- We had better go now . ---- Yes, we had (we'd better/ we had better)./ Hadn’t we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)/ I think I』d better be going. (用於進行時態,表「最好立即」)/ You had better have done that (用於完成時態,表未完成動作) 註:had better用於同輩或小輩,對長輩不可用。
(3)would rather意為「寧願」,表選擇,後接不帶to的不定式,例如:I』d rather not say anything./ Would you rather work on a farm?/ ---- Wouldn’t you rather stay here? ---- No, I would not. I』d rather go there. 由於would rather表選擇,因 而後可接than,例如:I would rather work on a farm than in a factory. / I would rather watch TV than go to see the film/ I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie./ I』d rather you didn’t talk about this to anyone. (句中的 'd rather不是情態動詞,would 在此是表願望的實義動詞)