Heptarchy**七王國
During the Anglo-Saxon's time,Britain was divided into many kingdoms,among which there were seven principal kingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria.
They were given the name of Heptarchy.
Witan**賢人會議
Witan was the council or meeting of the wisemen.It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king.
It's the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.
《英概》-Chapter 2-英國的起源(1)
Alfred the Great**阿爾弗雷德大帝
Alfred was a strong king of Wessex.
He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as "The father of the British navy". He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He also translated books and established schools.
All this earned him the title "Alfred the Great".
The Danelaw**丹麥法區
By the middle of the ninth century, the Vikings and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex whose capital was Winchester.
Alfred, King of Wessex, was strong enough to defeat the Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement with them in 879.
The Danes gained control of the north and east of England("the Danelaw"),while Alfred would rule the rest.
William the Conqueror**威廉者徵服
William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct.1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year.
He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.
Norman Conquest**諾曼徵服
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history.
William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.
《英概》-Chapter 2-英國的起源(2)
Domesday Book**末日審判書
It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086.
The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England.
It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land.
It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England.
Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.
Common law**習慣法
The traditional unwritten law of England,based on custom and the decisions of judges over a period of years rather than on written laws passed by parliament.
The Great Charter**大憲章
The barons' charter, or Magna Carta, Latin for "the Great Charter", was presented by a delegation of their class to the king and his advisers in the summer of 1215.
It has altogether 63 clauses and has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties.
The spirit of Magna Carta was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.
《英概》-Chapter 3-英國的形成(1)
The Hundred Years' War**百年戰爭
The name is given to the intermittent war between France and England the lasted from 1337 to 1543.
The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. There were three outstanding stages of the war.
Joan of Arc**聖女貞德
She was French national heroine (1412-1431), encouraged the people drove the English out of France during the Hundred Years' War.
The Black Death**黑死病
It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349.
It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.
The Lollards**蘿拉派
Poor priests and itinerant preachers who were John Wyclif's followers, they went about preaching the equality of men before God, the most famous one being John Ball.
The Peasant Uprising**農民起義
Armed villages and townsmen of Kent and Essex led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, moved on London in June 1381, releasing John Ball from Maidstone goal.
After the confusion and brutal struggle, it was suppressed and had far-reaching significance in English history.
《英概》-Chapter 3-英國的形成(2)
The Wars of Roses**玫瑰戰爭
The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485.
Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Field in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors.
From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.
Blood Mary**血腥瑪麗
It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII.
She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary.
《英概》-Chapter 4-過渡時期的英國(1)
The Puritans**清教徒
The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen.
They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New World as the a refuge provided by God for those he meant to save.
The Spanish Armada**西班牙無敵艦隊
The fleet sent to invade England by Philip II of Spain in 1588.
《英概》-Chapter 4-過渡時期的英國(2)
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605**火藥陰謀案
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies.
On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars.
The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5, when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged.
The divine rights of kings**君權神授
The theory that a king rules with the authority of god.
Roundheads**圓顱派
The supporter of Parliament during the First English Civil War(also called the Puritan Revolution), because of their short haircuts.
《英概》-Chapter 4-過渡時期的英國(3)
Cromwell**克倫威爾
Oliver Cromwell became lieutenant general of the New Model Army during the First Civil War, and he became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England by and Instrument of Government after the Second Civil War.
The Glorious Revolution of 1688**光榮革命
In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago.
So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688.
The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.
《英概》-Chapter 4-過渡時期的英國(4)
The Whigs & the Tories**輝格黨與託利黨
The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious to freedom for Nonconformists.
The Tories was those who supported hereditary monarch and were reluctant to removing kings, Tories were traditionalists who wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the Church of England.
The Radicals**激進分子
They were those who wanted fundamental reforms to get to the root of problems. They were active in Parliament spreading radical ideas in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Their common aim was thorough reform of the Parliamentary system.
Land enclosure**圈地運動
when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields.
The Industrial Revolution**工業革命
It refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize.
《英概》-Chapter 5-英帝國的興衰(1)
The Chartist Movement**憲章運動
In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men's Association. It aimed "to seek by every legal means to place all classes of society in possession of equal political and social rights".
Its leader was William Lovett, a skilled worker. They drew up a charter of political demands(a People's Charter) in 1838, with the intention of presenting it to Parliament.
The Trade Union Act of 1871**工會法
It legalized the trade unions and give financial security.
It meant that in law there was no difference between money for benefit purposes and collecting it to support strike action.
《英概》-Chapter 5-英帝國的興衰(2)
Thatcherism**柴契爾主義
The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain.
Her policies are popularly referred to as state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.
Mrs. Thatcher firmly believed in self-reliance and what has come to be known as privatization. Her policies are popularly referred to as Thatcherism.
《英概》-Chapter 5-英帝國的興衰(4)
Constitutional monarchy**君主立憲制
It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Monarch.
In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers.
She reigns but does not rule.
The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons.
The Crown Court**刑事法庭
A criminal court that deals with the more serious cases and holds sessions in towns throughout England and Wales.
It is presided over either by a judge from the High Court of Justice or a local full-time judge.
《英概》-Chapter 7-英國政治
The National Health Service**NHS-英國國民保健制度
The National Health Service(NHS) is a very important part of the welfare system In Britain.It is a nationwide institution based on Acts of Parliament.
It provides comprehensive health care throughout the UK.The NHS Provides medical care through a tripartite structure of primary care, hospitals, and community health care.
All consultations with a general practitioner under the NHS are free.
All hospital treatment under the NHS is free, including consultations with doctors, nursing, drugs, and intensive care.
Comprehensive schools**綜合性學校
Comprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.
BBC**英國廣播公司
The British broadcasting corporation,the UK organization responsible for making an transmitting of its own television and radio programs.
《英概》-Chapter 8-英國的社會與文化
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