作者：哈肯-奧迪內（Hakan Altinay）、阿萊-奈爾（Aryeh Neier）
首發於光明觀察，轉載請註明譯者及出處；本譯文僅供參考，引用請查對原文。
向歐盟成員國邁進
（伊斯坦堡）土耳其正在發生翻天覆地的劇變--歐盟的軟權力促成的劇變。然而歐盟剛剛歡迎10個新成員入盟，這種劇變幾乎未曾受到它的關注。
土耳其近期的進步可以列出一個長長的清單。死刑被廢除，儘管這意味著該國最受咒罵之人--主張走暴力革命道路的庫德工人黨（Kurdistan Workers Party）領導人阿卜杜拉-奧賈蘭（Abdullah Ocalan）--獲得了死刑緩期執行。幾十年來限制言論和新聞自由的嚴刑峻法得以廢止，進入了一個自由發表意見的新時代。
禁止與外界接觸的審前羈押--這種習慣做法助長了濫施酷刑--已被廢棄。結束濫施酷刑的另一個重要步驟是廢除了需要上級批准才能就此展開調查的法律。這條法律實際上庇護了濫施酷刑者免受可能的懲處。
剝奪土耳其東南部（大多數庫德人居住在此）的基本自由的緊急狀態，在實行了長達25年之久後被解除。用庫德語進行廣播和教學取得了合法地位。土耳其同意其法庭必須將歐洲人權法庭（the European Court of Human Rights）的法律體系引入國內審判實踐中。國家安全委員會及其秘書長的非常權力使文人執政服從於軍事當局，這種權力也被取消了。
在近年的歷史上，土耳其的教育開支將在2004年破天荒地第一次超過防務開支。
土耳其在賽普勒斯問題上的政策已經發生了180度的大轉變。4月24日全民公投的結果表明賽普勒斯北部明確支持國家的重新統一，土耳其外交所扮演的積極角色顯而易見。
這是一個顯著的轉變。而且，伊拉克戰爭爆發之際，土耳其並沒有利用這一機會在與伊拉克接壤的東南部地區恢復緊急狀態。11月伊斯坦堡又發生了四枚炸彈爆炸事件，61人喪命、數百人受傷，但這時當局沒有採取恢復禁止與外界接觸的羈押做法。
土耳其甚至還正式通過了新聞自由法，儘管這並非是哥本哈根會議制定的加入歐盟標準的特定要求。在這方面，土耳其走到了英德這樣的歐盟成員國前頭，後者尚沒有制定這些法律。土耳其的改革現在有了自身運作帶來的動力。
這並不是說土耳其的轉型已經完成。遠遠沒有。然而，到目前為止所發生的變革意義重大。歐盟同意在12月份開會決定土耳其能否在開始正式的入盟談判時提出給予成員國資格的前景，應該對因此取得的成就引以為豪。如果這一進程繼續下去，歐洲必須承認土耳其的進步。
不做出這樣的姿態，土耳其改革的動力就會磕磕絆絆。歐洲領導人負面的評論反響強烈。例如，有幾位資深的歐洲公眾人士，包括法國總統多數派聯盟（France's Union for a Popular Majority，即人民運動聯盟，UMP）主席阿蘭-朱佩（Alain Juppé）、德國基督教民主聯盟（Germany's Christian Democratic Union）主席安格拉-默爾克（Angela Merkel），提議取消使土耳其擁有歐盟完全成員資格的決定。他們的提議很少遇到其他歐洲領導人的非難。這損害了歐盟的信譽（它曾在1963年、1989年和1999年三次認可土耳其的資格）。重要的是，切勿忘記歐盟把土耳其作為候選者對待的方式正被世人仔仔細細盯在眼裡，尤其是在發展中國家。
歐盟成員資格的前景推動了土耳其向前邁進，給國內改革帶來了巨大的驅動力。賦予土耳其歐盟成員資格，對於歐盟實質性地擴大其地理和人口意義上的和平、繁榮與自由地帶，也是至關重要的一步。這也有助於遏制那些希望使文明衝突的預言轉變為惡性現實的人的努力。
土耳其在當前遵循的道路上已取得了重大的進展，一個接納了土耳其的歐盟將更有經濟活力、更加五湖四海而無狹隘偏見、對開放社會的價值理念負起更多的責任。在歐盟所代表的價值理念面對世界各地的偏狹勢力的巨大挑戰的年代，這將提高歐盟道義上的權威。
半個世紀前，讓-莫奈（Jean Monnet）及其同時代人啟動了大膽的計劃。上周末歐盟的擴大證明了他們的遠見卓識。歐洲人現在應該有勇氣將土耳其納入到這項宏大的計劃中來。
哈肯-奧迪內，開放社會研究所援助基金（土耳其）（the Open Society Institute Assistance Foundation in Turkey）主管；阿萊-奈爾，開放社會研究所（紐約）（the Open Society Institute in New York）所長。
附：原文網址及內容
http://www.iht.com/articles/518599.htm
Europe should recognize Turkey's progress
Hakan Altinay and Aryeh Neier IHT
Thursday, May 6, 2004
Toward EU membership
ISTANBUL In Turkey a sea change is under way - a transformation wrought by the soft power of the European Union. Yet it has gone almost unnoticed by Europe, which just welcomed 10 new members into its ranks.
The list of Turkey's recent accomplishments is long. The death penalty was repealed even though that meant that the most reviled man in the country - Abdullah Ocalan, leader of the violent revolutionary Kurdistan Workers Party - won reprieve. Draconian laws that restricted speech and the press for decades were abolished, ushering in a new era of free expression.
Incommunicado pretrial detention - a practice that facilitated torture - has been abandoned. Another important step to end torture was taken when the law that required superiors to approve investigations was voided. This law had effectively protected torturers against possible punishment.
A state of emergency that curtailed basic liberties in southeast Turkey, where a majority of the Kurds live, was lifted after 25 years. Broadcasting and instruction in the Kurdish language was legalized. Turkey agreed that its courts must incorporate the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in the conduct of domestic trials. The extraordinary powers of the national security council and its secretary general, which subordinated civilian rule to military authority, were eliminated.
For the first time in its recent history, Turkey will spend more money on education in 2004 than on defense.
Turkey has reversed its policy on Cyprus. The results of the referendum on April 24, which showed northern Cyprus clearly backing the reunification of that country, made clear the positive role played by Turkish diplomacy.
This is a remarkable turnaround. Moreover, when war broke out in Iraq, Turkey did not use the occasion to reinstate emergency rule in the southeastern region that borders Iraq. When four bombs exploded in Istanbul in November, killing 61 people and wounding hundreds, there was no move to revert to incommunicado detentions.
Turkey even adopted a freedom of information law, though this is not a specific requirement of the Copenhagen criteria for accession to the European Union. In this respect, Turkey has moved ahead of EU members such as Britain and Germany, which do not have these laws. Reform in Turkey now has a momentum of its own.
That is not to say that the transformation of Turkey is complete. Far from it. Yet the changes up to now are significant. The European Union should take pride in what it has accomplished by agreeing to hold out the prospect of membership when it meets in December to decide whether Turkey can begin official accession talks. If the process is to be sustained, Europe must recognize Turkey's progress.
Without such a gesture, Turkey's drive to reform may stumble. Negative remarks from European leaders have powerful reverberations. For example, several senior European public figures, including Alain Juppé, president of France's Union for a Popular Majority, and Angela Merkel, head of Germany's Christian Democratic Union, proposed to reverse the decision that made Turkey eligible for full membership in the European Union. Their statements met little reproach from other European leaders. This damaged the credibility of the European Union, which confirmed Turkey's eligibility in 1963, 1989 and again in 1999. It is important to remember that the way the EU treats Turkey as a candidate is being watched carefully, especially in the developing world.
The prospect of EU membership has pushed Turkey forward, giving a huge incentive for domestic reforms. Turkey's membership would also be a crucial step for the EU, substantially extending its geographic and demographic zone of peace, prosperity and liberty. It would also help thwart the efforts of those who wish to transform predictions of a clash of civilizations into a poisonous reality.
A European Union that incorporates a Turkey that has made significant headway along the path it is now pursuing would be more dynamic economically, more cosmopolitan and more committed to the values of an open society. This would enhance the EU's moral authority in an era when the values that Europe represents face great challenges from the forces of intolerance in all parts of the world.
Half a century ago, Jean Monnet and his contemporaries set out on daring project. The expansion of the European Union last weekend is a testimony to their foresight. Europeans should now have the courage to include Turkey in that grand project.
Hakan Altinay is director of the Open Society Institute Assistance Foundation in Turkey. Aryeh Neier is president of the Open Society Institute in New York.
文章來源：譯者賜稿