2019年5月17日，耶魯大學（Yale University）校長蘇必德（Peter Salovey）在2018屆畢業典禮上發表了題為「What are You For?」的演講。
Event: Baccalaureate Address, Yale College Class of 2019
baccalaureate
表示「（在美國）對畢業班的致辭；宗教講道」，英文解釋為「In the United States, a baccalaureate is a sermon given to a graduating class, or the religious service in which that sermon is given.」以及有「學士學位」（a bachelor's degree）的意思。
畢業典禮講話常見的另一個詞：Commencement
commencement表示「畢業典禮」（Commencement is a ceremony at a university, college, or high school at which students formally receive their degrees or diplomas.）
演講全文如下：
Graduates of the Class of 2019, family members, and friends:
諸位2019屆的畢業生們、家長們和朋友們：
It is a privilege to be here with you today. Commencement is a time of beginnings and endings; of looking to the future with hope while saying farewell with both joy and, perhaps, nostalgia. It is a jumble of emotions for all of us—and a field-day for a psychologist! Enjoy all those feelings: it is hard to imagine you』ll have an experience quite like this again.
今天大家在這裡共聚一堂，我感到十分榮幸。每年的畢業典禮既是起點也是尾聲，既可以滿懷希望地憧憬未來，也難免悲喜交加地依依惜別。對我們所有人而言，此時此刻百感交集；而對於像我這樣的心理學家來說，這絕對是一個值得研究考察的日子。好好享受此刻的心情吧，因為這樣的日子一生中很難再有一次了。
nostalgia
表示「（尤指對幸福時光的）懷舊」，英文解釋為「Nostalgia is an affectionate feeling you have for the past, especially for a particularly happy time.」舉個：
He might be influenced by nostalgia for the surroundings of his happy youth.
他也許被他對快樂青年時代的環境的懷念影響了。
a jumble of
表示「雜亂的一堆」，英文解釋為「A jumble of things is a lot of different things that are all mixed together in a disorganized or confused way.」舉個：
Inside, she was a jumble of emotions.
她心中百感交集。
a field-day
表示「戶外活動日」，英文解釋為「a day spent in some special outdoor activity, such as nature study or sport」。
***
So, there is a wonderful Yale tradition that I would like to honor right now:
下面請允許我先按例進行耶魯的寶貴傳統：
May I ask all of the families and friends here today to rise and recognize the outstanding—and graduating—members of the Class of 2019?
請今天在座的所有畢業生家屬和朋友們起立，向2019屆傑出的畢業生們表示祝賀。
And now, may I ask the Class of 2019 to consider all those who have supported your arrival at this milestone, and to please rise and recognize them?
現在，請2019屆的全體畢業生們感念所有曾支持你們走到今天的人們，請你們起立向他們致敬。
Thank you!
謝謝各位！
In September 1974, Kingman Brewster, Jr., then president of Yale, spoke to members of the Class of 1978, seated right where you are now. He told them, 「Many of us have just been on a ten-year trip of moral outrage: anti-Wallace, anti-War, anti-Watergate. We have been so sure about what we were against that we have almost forgotten how difficult it is to know what we are for and how to achieve it.」
1974年9月，時任耶魯大學校長的Kingman Brewster, Jr.在開學典禮上對1978屆學生發表演講，他們就坐在你們現在的位置上。校長對他們說：「在座的許多人剛剛經歷了道義上極其不滿的十年：反華萊士、反戰、反水門事件。我們對所反對的事物深信不疑，幾乎忘記了我們要支持什麼，以及如何實現。」
Does this sound familiar? Today, perhaps more than ever, it is easy to know what you’re against. Far more difficult to say what you’re for.
這話聽起來是否感到熟悉？今天，可能比以往任何時代，都更容易知道你反對什麼，也比任何時代都更難以說出你追求什麼。
What we’re against is going to be different for each of us. Maybe you’re against border walls and I’m against guns; your neighbor is against trade wars and your cousin is against abortion. For some, capitalism is the problem, while others fear the specter of socialism. By this point, I bet all of you are against sitting in old buildings with no air conditioning, listening to a long speech! So, I』ll get to the point…
每個人反對的事物並不相同。也許你反對邊境築牆，而我反對槍枝；你的鄰居可能反對貿易戰，而你的堂兄反對墮胎。有些人認為資本主義才是問題所在，而另一些人擔心的則是社會主義。但此刻，我敢肯定，你們所有人都反對坐在這個沒有空調的舊禮堂裡聽我的長篇大論！所以，我打算開門見山……
specter
表示「引起恐懼的事物」，英文解釋為「something that people are afraid of because it may affect them badly」舉個：
The recession is again raising the spectre of unemployment.
這次經濟衰退再次引起了人們對失業的恐懼。
***
How many of you have seen a Marx Brothers movie? Although I'm not mistaken for Groucho Marx as often since I shaved my moustache, I still have a weakness for his humor.
有多少人看過喜劇演員馬克斯兄弟（Marx Brothers）的電影？自從我刮掉上唇的鬍子後，雖不再像以前那樣經常被誤認為是格勞喬·馬克斯（Groucho Marx），但我仍然對他的幽默風趣情有獨鍾。
mistake for
表示「把…錯當成」，英文解釋為「to wrongly think that one person or thing is someone or something else」舉個：
A woman mistook him for a well-known actor, and asked him for his autograph.
有位女士錯把他當成是某個著名演員，要他籤名。
have a weakness for
表示「癖好」，英文解釋為「If you have a weakness for something, you like it very much, although this is perhaps surprising or undesirable.」舉個：
Tom himself had a weakness for cats.
湯姆自己偏愛貓。
***
One of Groucho’s best performances, of course, is when he plays a college president. (Now that is a funny role!) In the opening scene of the movie Horse Feathers, Groucho, the new president of Huxley College, is told that the trustees have 「a few suggestions」 for him. Then he breaks into this song:
格勞喬最精彩的一段表演是扮演一位大學校長。在電影《趾高氣揚》（Horse Feathers）的開場中，這位赫胥黎學院的新校長被告知學校的校董們對他有「一些建議」，於是他就唱起了這首歌曲：
「I don’t know what they have to say
It makes no difference anyway
Whatever it is, I’m against it
No matter what it is or who commenced it
I’m against it
Your proposition may be good
But let’s have one thing understood:
Whatever it is, I’m against it.」
我不知道他們要說些什麼
但說什麼也都無所謂
不管說什麼，我都將反對
不管說什麼，不管誰說的
我都將通通反對
你們的建議也或許不錯
但讓我們明確一點：
不管說什麼，我都將反對。
trustee
表示「（公司、學院或其他機構的）理事，董事」，英文解釋為「a member of a group that controls the money of a company, college, or other organization」。
***
I encourage you to look up the scene on YouTube—not right now, please—because it’s still a very funny piece. It’s funny because it’s ridiculous, but also because it contains a kernel of truth. And the truth applies not only to college presidents, but to all of us.
大家可以去Youtube上看一看這段視頻——不是現在就看，謝謝——因為它仍然讓人捧腹。它的好笑，不僅因為它很荒謬，也因為它有那麼一點道理，而且不僅體現在這位大學校長身上，也表現在我們每一個人身上。
kernel
表示「一小部分」，英文解釋為「A kernel of something is a small element of it.」舉個：For all I know, there may be a kernel of truth in what he says.
據我所知，他的話可能有一點兒道理。
***
How many times have we decided we’re against an idea before we』ve even heard it? How guilty are we of deciding 「I’m against it」 without even knowing what 「it」 is?
有多少次我們尚未聽到一個想法就已經決定反對它了？在我們還不清楚某件事之前，我們就已經決定反對這件事了，這樣的錯誤我們是否犯過？
Many times we know what we’re against based on who is saying it. If an idea comes from a certain public figure, politician, or media outlet, we already know how we feel. Partly this is because our public discourse has become so predictable. We』ve lost the capacity for surprise, for revelation.
很多時候，我們反對什麼取決於它是誰說出來的。如果出自某個公眾人物或政治家之口，或某家媒體，那麼我們已經對這個言論有想法了。其中部分緣由是今天的公開話語太可預測了，我們已經喪失了被震撼和被啟示的能力。
Speaking of predictable, here is the moment when an ambassador of an older generation—that’s me—tells millennials—most of you—about the evils of social media! But please hear me out…
談到可預測，這一刻我想代表老一代，向千禧一代的你們提一下社交媒體的「罪與惡」。請聽我把話說完……
hear out
表示「聽（某人）說完」，英文解釋為「to listen to all of what someone wants to tell you without interrupting them」舉個：
Just hear me out, will you?
就聽我說完，好嗎？
***
Social media has transformed our lives and our relationships. It has many advantages, of course, allowing us to share news and information quickly with people around the world. But it also heightens our sense of outrage and speeds up arguments, depriving us of the time and space for careful reflection.
社交媒體徹底改變了我們的生活和人際關係。誠然，它有很多優點，它讓我們可以和世界各地的人們快速分享新聞和信息；但它也剝奪了我們深思的時間與空間，導致我們的憤怒感加劇，爭論加速發生。
Bombarded with notifications, pressured to respond before the media cycle turns over, we tap out our position—our opposition—in seconds. It is easy to be against something in fewer than 280 characters. It is far more difficult to articulate what you are for—and to do it at warp speed.
社交媒體的信息接連不斷，你必須在某個熱點過氣前發表言論，於是我們用幾秒鐘就打出了自己支持（或反對）的立場。用280個字的推文來反對一件事是容易的，相反要快速講出你支持什麼則要困難得多。
Make no mistake: There are plenty of reasons to be outraged. My generation, your generation—we face not only grave moral challenges but existential threats: rising ocean levels globally and rising inequality in America; violence around the world and in our own backyards; the fraying of the social fabric. 「The falcon cannot hear the falconer,」 and we wonder if the center can hold.
請大家不要誤會：憤怒的理由當然有很多，無論是我們這一代，還是在座的諸位這一代——不僅面臨著嚴峻的道德挑戰，更有生存威脅，比如全球海平面上升，美國不平等加劇，世界各地的暴力衝突，以及社會組織渙散等等。正如葉芝的詩句「獵鷹再聽不見馴鷹人的呼聲」，我們想知道中心是否還能維繫得住。
existential
表示「人類存在的」，英文解釋為「Existential means relating to human existence and experience.」舉個：
Existential questions requiring religious answers still persist.
需要宗教解答的生命問題持續存在著。
fraying
名詞，英文解釋為「something rubbed or worn off by fraying」。
fray作動詞，表示「磨損」（If something such as cloth or rope frays, or if something frays it, its threads or fibres start to come apart from each other and spoil its appearance.）以及「煩躁」（If your nerves or your temper fray, or if something frays them, you become nervous or easily annoyed because of mental strain and anxiety.）舉個：
Tempers began to fray as the two teams failed to score.
兩隊都沒有得分，人們開始煩躁起來/火氣開始上來了。
***
I understand the impulse toward negativity. Like many of you, I sometimes feel overwhelmed by the challenges we face, by the injustices that call out for our condemnation. Yet it is precisely because our challenges are so great that outrage is not enough. Pointing out what is wrong is merely the beginning, not the end, of our work.
我理解奔向否定的衝動。和你們中的許多人一樣，我有時也會對我們面臨的挑戰和需要譴責的不義感到應接不暇。然而，正是因為我們面臨的挑戰如此艱巨，只有憤怒是遠遠不夠的。指出錯誤只是我們工作的開始，而不是結束。
The Czech author Ivan Klima wrote, 「To destroy is easier than to create, and that is why so many people are ready to demonstrate against what they reject. But what would they say if one asked them what they wanted instead?」
捷克作家伊凡·克裡瑪（Ivan Klima）曾寫道，「破壞比創造更容易，所以才有那麼多人公然表示自己反對某一件事。如果你問他們想要什麼，他們又會怎樣作答呢？」
What would you say? What would I say? What are you for?
你們會怎麼回答？我會怎麼回答？你追求什麼？
Klima’s life story is one of both criticism and creation. Born in Prague in 1931, he was sent to a Nazi concentration camp as a child. He survived and became an outspoken voice for democracy in Czechoslovakia.
克裡瑪自己的一生既有批判也有創造。1931年出生於布拉格，童年時被關進納粹集中營，他有倖存活下來，後來成為捷克斯洛伐克的一位敢於直言的民主倡導者。
But in 1968, with the Soviet invasion and crackdown, Klima’s ideas became dangerous. He could have fled, but he chose to return home and continue his work in defiance of the Communist regime. He organized an underground meeting of writers who circulated manuscripts in secret. Over the course of 18 years, those writers produced three hundred different works of art. They were critics, of course: critics of tyranny, critics of violence. But they were creators, too, of plays, novels, and poetry. They imagined, and helped create, a new and better world.
但在1968年，隨著蘇聯的入侵和鎮壓，克裡瑪的言論被當局視為危險思想。本可以逃出來的他，卻選擇返回家鄉繼續工作。他成立地下作家組織，秘密傳閱彼此的手稿。在18年的時間裡，他們創作出300件不同的文藝作品。他們是批評者，沒錯，他們痛批專制、暴力，但他們也是戲劇、小說和詩歌的創作者。他們想像並幫助創造了一個新的、更加美好的世界。
defiance
表示「違抗，拒絕服從；蔑視」，英文解釋為「behaviour that shows you refuse to do what someone tells you to do, especially because you do not respect them」舉個：
Many people were drinking in the streets, in flagrant defiance of the ban.
許多人在街上喝酒，公然違抗禁令。
tyranny
tyranny /trn/表示「暴政，苛政，專制統治」，英文解釋為「cruel and unfair government」。
***
What will you imagine? A better business, a smarter school, a stronger community? Whatever you are against, it is time to create something you are for.
在座諸位會有怎樣的想像呢？一個更好的企業，一所更優質的學校，還是一個更強大的社區？無論你反對什麼，現在是時候創造你所追求的事物了。
At Yale you have learned to do both: to imagine and create. You have studied and explored new ideas; made art and music; excelled in athletics; launched companies; and served your neighbors and the world. You have created a vibrant, diverse, and exciting community.
在耶魯，你們既學想像又學創造；你們研思想，創文藝，競體育，辦公司，近則服務鄰裡，遠則奉獻世界。你們創造了一個活潑、多元、精彩的社區。
Take these experiences with you and draw on them when you need encouragement. Remember a class that surprised you; a conversation that inspired you; a professor who believed in you. And take care to avoid what Toni Morrison calls 「second-rate goals and secondhand ideas.」
請把這些經歷裝入行囊，當你們需要鼓勵的時候，可以從中汲取力量。記住在耶魯的點點滴滴，哪怕是一堂讓你驚奇的課，一次有啟發的談話，或者一位信任你的教授。要留心避免作家託妮·莫裡森（Toni Morrison）所說的「二流目標和二手思想」。
「Our past is bleak. Our future dim,」 Morrison writes. 「But if we see the world as one long brutal game, then we bump into another mystery, the mystery of beauty, of light, of the canary that sings on the skulls.」
「我們的過去黯然慘澹，我們的未來陰暗朦朧，」 莫裡森曾寫道。「但如果我們把這個世界看作一場漫長而殘酷的遊戲，我們就會碰到另一個謎，那是美和光的謎，是在骷髏（skull）上歌唱的金絲雀（canary ）的謎。」
bump into
表示「巧遇，邂逅，碰見」，英文解釋為「If you bump into someone you know, you meet them unexpectedly.」舉個：
I happened to bump into Tom in the hallway.
我碰巧在走廊裡撞見了湯姆。
bump作動詞本身表示「猛碰，撞」（to hit or knock against something）舉個：
Tom was a clumsy boy, always bumping into the furniture.
湯姆是個笨手笨腳的孩子，老是撞到家具上。
***
Being for something is a search for those mysteries, for that light: it is an act of radical optimism, a belief that a more perfect world is within reach and that we can help build it.
追求一件事便是尋找這謎和光：這是一種激進的樂觀主義行為，是一種信念——堅信一個更完美的世界觸手可及，堅信我們能夠努力建成它。
What are you for?
那麼，在座諸位都追求什麼呢？
You may well turn that question back to me. What are you for, Peter Salovey?
你們也可能會反問我：蘇必德校長，你追求什麼呢？
I am for the transformative power of a liberal education—one that asks you to think broadly, question everything, and embrace the joy of learning.
我追求博雅教育的重塑力量——它要求你高瞻遠矚、質疑一切，且擁抱學習的快樂。
I am for the American Dream in all its rich promise—the idea that opportunities are shared widely and that access to education is within reach for the many, not the few.
我追求真正意義上的「美國夢」——機會廣泛共享，接受教育是多數人的權利，而不是少數人的專利。
I am for the robust and free exchange of ideas, as essential to the mission of a great university as it is to the health of our democracy.
我追求活躍且自由的思想交鋒，因為一所偉大學府的核心使命和我們的民主政體的良性運轉都需要它。
I am for a world where we welcome the immigrant, the poor, and the forgotten; we do not shut them out or silence them; a world where showing empathy and understanding is considered the true hallmark of success, of a life well-lived.
我追求這樣一個世界，那裡歡迎移民、窮人和被遺忘的人，而不是把他們拒之門外或封住他們的口；在那裡，表現出同理心和理解才是成功和美好生活的真正標誌 。
That is what I am for.
這些都是我所追求的。
Yale’s mission says, in part, that we are 「committed to improving the world today and for future generations.」 That commitment does not end at graduation.
耶魯的使命包含這樣一句話：「致力於改善世界，為今天也為後人」。這個承諾不應在畢業時終止。
Soon you will leave Yale and, as Robert Penn Warren, who studied and taught at Yale, wrote, 「Go into the convulsion of the world, out of history and into history.」
諸位即將離開耶魯，正如曾在耶魯學習和授課的文學家羅伯特·佩恩·沃倫（Robert Penn Warren）所說，「進入這個痙攣中的世界，走出歷史，又走進了歷史。」
convulsion
1) 表示「痙攣；抽搐」，英文解釋為「a sudden shaking movement of the body that cannot be controlled」舉個：
The child went into convulsions.
那孩子全身抽搐起來。
2) 表示「動亂；騷動」，英文解釋為「a sudden important change that happens to a country or an organization」。
***
Indeed, you will go into history and make history.
的確，你們即將走進歷史，並創造歷史。
Looking around me today, I think of the generations of Yale graduates who have come before you. Individuals who have been for something.
今天，環顧四周，讓我想起那些在諸位之前的耶魯畢業生們，一個個有所追求的人。
There are many names we know and others that would be less familiar—presidents and world leaders, artists and business executives, scholars and scientists.
許多名字我們都知道，有總統和世界領袖，有藝術家和企業高管，有學者和科學家，還有很多我們不那麼熟知的名字。
Like them, I know you will heed the call to leadership and service and leave your mark on every realm of human endeavor.
和他們一樣，我知道諸位也將聽從召喚成為領導者和服務者，在人類開拓的每一處疆域，留下你們的印跡。
That is Yale’s mission—that is what Yale is for.
而這正是耶魯的使命——正是耶魯所追求的。
As members of the Yale community, what do we believe?
作為耶魯的成員，我們相信什麼呢？
We believe that facts and expertise, applied with creativity and wisdom, can transform the world.
我們相信，事實和專業，再加上創造力和智慧，可以改變世界。
We believe that education and research save lives and make life more meaningful.
我們相信，教育和研究可以拯救生命，讓生活更有意義。
We believe that diversity of thought and diversity in deed are essential to human progress.
我們相信，思想和行為的多樣性對人類的進步至關重要。
We believe, most of all, in the boundless potential of human ingenuity; that together, we can solve great challenges and bring light and truth to a world in great need of it.
最重要的是，我們相信人類無限的創造潛力；我們相信，只要我們齊心協力，就能解決那些巨大的挑戰，把光明和真理帶到一個亟需它們的世界。
On Monday during your commencement ceremonies, I will confer on you all the 「rights and responsibilities」 of a Yale degree. Yours is a great responsibility. You will have to know what you are for.
在星期一的學位授予典禮上，我會授予諸位耶魯學位所承載的「權利和責任」。諸位任重道遠，因此必須清楚你們所追求的是什麼。
confer
表示「授予（獎項、學位、榮譽或權利）」，英文解釋為「to give sb an award, a university degree or a particular honour or right」舉個：
An honorary degree was conferred on him by Yale University in 2019.
耶魯大學於2019年授予他榮譽學位。
***
What are you for?
你們的追求是什麼？
「Surely in the light of history,」 Eleanor Roosevelt said, 「it is more intelligent to hope rather than to fear, to try rather than not to try.」
埃莉諾·羅斯福（Eleanor Roosevelt，羅斯福總統夫人）曾說過：「從歷史的角度來看，明智者總是懷抱希望而非心存恐懼，勇於嘗試而非望而卻步。」
Yale has prepared you, as a scholar and a human being, to try; to face challenges with courage and determination. And I trust you are leaving Yale with a sense of your own responsibilities to one another, to the planet, and to our shared future.
耶魯已經為諸位努力成為學者那樣的人做了準備；拿出勇氣和決心去面對挑戰吧。我相信，在座諸位離開耶魯時，一定懷著一份對彼此、對世界、對人類共同未來的責任感。
By serving others and our communities with the many gifts you have been given, you will live a life that is for something, a life of meaning and purpose.
運用你們被饋贈的天賦和才能，去服務他人和社會，你們的人生必將有所為、有意義、有目標。
There is no time to waste; there are no words to waste: As a young Bob Dylan sang in 1965, 「He not busy being born is busy dying.」 We must give life to new ideas, imagine new ways of being in the world, new answers to the problems that vex us and our neighbors.
沒有時間可以浪費；也沒有語言可以浪費：正如1965年青春年少的鮑勃迪倫（Bob Dylan）所唱的那樣：「不忙於生，必忙於死。」我們必須給予生命以新思想，想像生存在這個世界的新方式，尋找惱人問題的新答案。
Now is the time.
現在時機已到。
Members of the Class of 2019 (please rise):
2019屆畢業生們（請起立）：
We are delighted to salute your accomplishments, and we are proud of your achievements. Remember to give thanks for all that has brought you to this day. And go forth from this place with grateful hearts, paying back the gifts you have received here by using your minds, voices, and hands to imagine and create the new worlds you wish to see.
我們心懷喜悅為你們所取得的成就致敬，也為你們感到自豪。請記得感謝所有幫你們走到今天的人們。請帶著感恩的心離開這裡，用你們的思想、聲音和雙手去想像、去創造你們希望看到的新世界，以此來回報你們在這裡所得到的饋贈。
What are you for?
請問你們的追求是什麼？
Congratulations, Class of 2019!
祝賀你們，2019屆的畢業生們！
- END -
「才思匯：持續行動第五年，LR是怎麼做到的？」
LearnAndRecord
2015年2月8日
2019年5月25日
第1568天
每天持續行動學外語