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高考英語精華知識點
專題10 直接引語和間接引語
引述某人的話一般採用兩種形式：一種是直接引語（Direct Speech），即原封不動地引用原話，把它放在引號內；另一種是間接引語（Indirect Speech），即用自己的話加以轉述，被轉述的內容不放在引號內。
一、 直接引語變間接引語
A． 陳述句的間接引語
直接引語是陳述句，變為間接引語時，在多數情況下都構成一個that引導的賓語從句，引述動詞通常是say, tell等。與此同時，間接引語中的人稱、時態和其他方面也要相應有所變化。
The foreigner aid to me, I like Beijing very much.那老外告訴我：我很喜歡北京。
→ The foreigner told me that he she liked Beijing very much. 那老外告訴我說他（她）很喜歡北京。
She said, 「We are very fond of sports.」 她說：我們都喜歡體育運動。
→ She said that they were very fond of sports. 她說他（她）們都喜歡體運動。
「I'll go over the grammar lesson once again,」 he said. 他說：我將把語法課再複習一遍。
→ He said he would go over the grammar lesson once again. 他說他將要把語法課再複習一遍。（that可省略）
B． 疑問句的間接引語
1．一般疑問句和反意疑問句
一般疑問句改為間接引語時，要用陳述語序，並要加連詞if 或 whether，其主句動詞常用ask, wonder, want to know, didn't know等。句末不用問號。
My teacher asked me, 「Do you like American country music?」 我老師問我：你喜歡美國鄉村音樂嗎？
→ My teacher asked me if/whether I liked American country music. 我老師問我是否喜歡美國鄉村音樂。
「You haven't been to Beijing, have you?」 asked he. 他問：你沒去過北，是嗎？
→ He asked me if/whether I had been to Beijing. 他問我是否去過北京。
2．否定的一般疑問句和選擇問句
如果直接引語為否定的一般問句或選擇疑問句時，用whether…or 連接。
She said, 「 Don't you know my telephone number?」 她說：你難道不知道我的電話號碼嗎？
→ She asked me whether I knew her telephone number or not. 她問我是知道她的電話號碼。
「Do you like this one or that one ?」 Tom asked. 湯姆問：你是喜歡這個還是那個？
→ Tom asked me whether I liked this one or that one. 湯姆問我是喜歡這個還是那個。
3．特殊疑問句
間接引語為特殊疑問句時，間接引語前仍然用特殊疑問詞作為連詞引導賓語從句，注意從句必須用陳述語序，主句謂語動詞常用ask。
He asked, 「How do you like it?」 他問：你覺得怎樣？
→ He asked me how I liked it. 他問我覺得它怎樣。
She asked me, 「What's the matter with you?」 她問我：你怎麼啦？
→ She asked me what was the matter with me. 她問我我怎麼啦。
「How many books do you have?」 she asked. 她問：你有多少本書？
→ She asked me how many books I had. 她問我有多少本。
4.其它
英語中有些疑問句並非提出疑問，而是表示請求、勸告、建議等。這種疑問句變為間接引語時，往往採用其他的形式。
①．suggest doing
「Shall we all go to the film tonight?」 said Michael. 麥可說：我們今晚都去看電影，好嗎？
→ Michael suggested going to the film tonight. 麥可建議今晚都去看電影。
「What about having a drin?」 he asked. 他問：喝杯怎麼樣？
He suggested having a drink. 他建議喝一杯。
②．advise sb to do
「Why don't you go hiking?」 asked James. 詹姆士問：你為什麼不徒步旅行？
James advised me to go hiking. 詹姆士建議我去徒步旅行。
③. offer to do
He said, 「Would you like me to post the letter?」 他說：你要我寄信嗎？
He offered to ost the letter. 他主動提出寄信。
④．ask sb to do
「Will you please bring your reference book here tomorrow?」 she said to me. 她對我說：勞駕你明天把你的參考書帶來好嗎？
→ She asked me to take my reference book there the next day. 她讓我第二天把我的參考書帶去。
C． 祈使句的間接引語
1．直接引語為祈使句時，間接引語往往用複合賓來表示，其結構為主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語（動詞不定式）。引述動詞可根據口氣選用tell, ask, order, command, request等詞，句中please去掉。
She said to me, 「Please have a rest.」 她對我說：請休息一下。
→ She asked me to have a rest. 她要求我休息一下。
「Don't all answer at once,」 she said to the pupils. 她對學生說：大家不要齊聲回答。→ She told the pupils not to answer all at once. 她叫學生不要齊聲回答。
2．帶有let的祈使句（表示請求，建議或命令），可用suggest + -ing形式或suggest +that從句來表示其相應的意思。
「Let's go for a walk,」 said the girl. 那姑娘說，讓我們去散散步吧。
→ The girl suggested going for a walk. 這女孩建議去散散步。
The teacher said, 「 Let Lily tidy the classroom.」 老師說：讓莉莉整理教室。
→ The teacher suggested that Lily should tidy the classroom. 老師建議讓莉莉整理教室。
D． 感嘆句的間接引語
1．直接引語是感嘆句變為間接引語時，多採用賓語從句結構，既可用what或how引導，也可用that引導。
「What a clever boy you are!」my teacher said to him. 老師對他說，你是個聰明的孩子啊！
→ My teacher told him what a clever boy he was. 老師對他說他是一個多聰明的孩子啊。
→ My teacher told him that he was a very clever boy. 老師說他是一個非常聰明的孩子。
He said, 「How well you look!」 他說：你看起來氣色多好啊！
→ He said how well I looked. 他說我看起來是氣色多好啊。
→ He said that I looked very well. 他說我看起來氣色很好。
2．有些感嘆句可以根據原句的意思，採用適當的動詞變為陳述句，不需用間接賓語來轉述。
「Help!」 he cried. 他喊到：救命啊！
→ He called for help. 他大聲呼救。
「What terrible weather it is!」he said. 他說：多麼糟糕的天氣！
→ He complained about the terrible weather. 他抱怨這糟糕的天氣。
「Happy Christmas!」 he said. 他說：聖誕快樂！
He wished me a happy Christmas. 他祝我聖誕快樂。
二、 間接引語中的詞語變化
直接引語變為間接引語時，間接引語中的動詞時態、人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、時間和地點狀語以及主謂語詞序往往要作相應的變化。
A． 時態的變化
1．時態的變化
①現在時間推移到過去時間
直接引語中的時態
一般現在時
現在完成時
現在進行時
現在完成進行時
間接引語中的時態
一般過去時
過去完成時
過去進行時
過去完成進行時
The old man said, 「 I have lived in this street since 1960.」
→The old man said that he had lived in that street since 1960. 那老人說他自從196年起就住在那條街上了。
He said, 「Is it raining?」
→ He asked if it was raining. 他問是不是正在下雨。
②過去時間推移到過去的過去
直接引語中的時態
一般過去時
過去完成時
過去進行時
間接引語中的時態
過去完成時
過去完成時（不變）
過去完成進行時或不變
She said to me, 「I wrote a letter to my parents three days ago.」
→She told me that she had written a letter to her parents three days before.她告訴我她三天前已給她母親寫了一封信。
「What were you doing at seven p.m. yesterday?」 he asked
→ He asked me what I was doing at seven p.m. the day before. 他問我前一天晚上七點在幹什麼。
③將來時間推移到過去將來時間
直接引語中的時態
一般將來時
is/am/are going to do
is/am/are to do
間接引語中的時態
過去將來時
was/were going to do
was/were to do
He said, 「We shall get ready by eight o'clock.」
→He said that they would get ready by eight o'clock. 他說他們將在8點前準備好。
「We are to meet at the school gate,」 she said to me.
→ She told me that they were to meet at the school gate. 她告訴我他們約定在校門口見面。
④間接引語中保持原來時態不變
在下列情況下，間接引語中的謂語動詞時態可以保持不變。
a. 主句為現在時或將來時，間接引語的時態保持不變。
He thinks, 「She will be back in a month.」
→ He thinks she will be back in a month. 他想她將在一個月後回來。
He says, 「I have accepted her invitation.」
He says he has accepted her invitation. 他說他已接受了她的邀請。
比較：
間接引語中的謂語動詞時態對比。
Sarah said to me, 「I have two brothers.」 莎拉對我說：「我有兩個弟弟。」
Sarah told me that she has two brothers. 莎拉告訴我說她有兩個弟弟。（說話才認為這情況是真實的）
Sarah told me that she had two brothers. 莎拉告訴我說她有兩個弟弟。（說話者對此沒有什麼把握）
b. 間接引語表示的是現在的習慣動作、科學真理、客觀事實、格言等。
The geography teacher said to the students, 「The earth moves round the sun.」
→ The geography teacher told the students that the earth moves round the sun. 老師告訴學生地球圍繞太陽轉。
He said, Every dog has his day.
→ He said that every dog has his day. 他說是人皆有出頭日。
c. 間接引語中動詞表示的動作說話時仍在進行或狀態仍然存在，時態可保持不變。
He said, 「The window is broken.」
→ He said that the window is broken.他說玻璃窗碎了。
Just now Brown said, 「My son is ill today.」
→ Brown told me just now that his son is ill today. 布朗剛才告訴我說，他兒子今天病了。
d. 間接引語中有明確的過去時間狀語，仍可用一般過去時，不必改為過去完成時。
The girl said, 「 I was born in 1978.」
→ The girl said that she was born in 1978.那女孩說她生於1978年。
She said, 「My teacher was busy yesterday.」
→ She said that her teacher was busy yesterday. 她說她老師昨天很忙。
2．情態動詞的變化
情態動詞在間接引語中都可以改為過去式，must表示必、推測、禁止等意思時，可不變；表示必須時可不變，也可用had to 或would have to。
The senior said, 「All men must die.」
→ The senior said that all men must die. 那老者說人總是要死的。
She said, 「I must go to see the doctor tomorrow afternoon.」
→ She said she must/would have to go to see the doctor the next afternoon. 她說第二天下午她一定得去看醫生。
He said to me, 「We used to go there every year.」
→ He told me that they used to come here every year. 他對我說他們過去每年都來這裡。（used to在間接引語中不變）
B． 代詞的變化
1．人稱代詞的變化
①當主句的主語是第一人稱時，引語中的人稱代詞不變。
I said, 「You did quite well in the exam yesterday.」
→ I said that you had done quite well in the exam the day before.我說你那天考得不錯。
②直接引語中主語是第一人稱時，在改為間接引語時，其人稱與主句中的主語的人稱一致。
He said to Tom, 「I'll do my best to catch up with others.」
→ He told Tom that he would do his best to catch up with others. 他告訴湯姆他將盡他所能趕上其他人。
③直接引語中主語是第二人稱時，在改為間接引語時，其人稱和主句的賓語相一致。
He said to her, 「Where did you put the glasses?」
→ He asked her where she had put the glasses. 他問她，她把杯子放哪兒了。
提示：
如果主句中無賓語，應根據語境或想像，自添適當的賓語；如果直接引語中有呼語，則將其改為間接引語的賓語。
Mother asked, 「Where have you been?」
→ Mother asked me where I had been. 母親問我去哪兒了。
Why are you late again, John the teacher asked.
→ The teacher asked John why he was late again. 老師問約翰為什麼他又遲到。
④直接引語中主語是第三人稱時，在改為間接引語時不發生變化。
He said to Tom, 「She can help them.」
→ He told Tom that she could help them. 他告訴湯姆她能夠幫助他們。
2．物主代詞的變化
「You should not overlook your fault,」 Mum said to me.
→ Mum told me that I should not overlook my fault. 媽媽對我說我不應該忽略我的缺點。
The two boys said, 「We have lost our dog.」
→ The two boys said they had lost their dog. 這兩個男孩說他們的狗丟了。
3．指示代詞的變化
直接引語中的指示代詞
this
these
間接引語中的指示代詞
that
those
She said, 「This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.」
→ She said that that was the house in which Lu Xun had once lived. 她說那是魯迅曾經住過的房子。
「I bought these flowers for you,」 Jane said.
Jane said that she had bought those flowers for me. 簡說那些花是她為我買的。
「I grow these tomatoes myself,」 he said.
→ He said that he grew those tomatoes himself. 他說那些胡蘿蔔是他自己種的。
C． 時間和地點狀語的變化
1．時間狀語的變化
He said, 「I spoke to them yesterday.」
→ He said that h had spoken to them the day before. 他說他前一天跟他們講過話了。
The student said, 「We have learned about 3,000 English words so far.」
→ The student said that they had learned about 3,000 English words by then. 那學生說到那時為止他們已學會了3,000個英語單詞。
2．地點狀語的變化
當直接引語變間引語時，地點狀語here通常變為there。但如果說話人所在地點就是引述人所在地點，那麼仍然使用here.
「Come here, please,」 he said.
→ He asked me to come here. 他叫我到這裡來。（引述人地點不變）
→ He asked me to go there. 他叫我到那裡去。（引述人地點發生變化）
「Here she burst out into a flood of tears,」 he said to me.
→ He told me that she had burst out into a flood of tears there. 他告訴我說，談到那個地方她就放聲大哭了起來。