unit 1
—————Pre-reading activities-1
1) listening to the Beatles
2) can understand a lot better
3) reads science fiction books in English
4) successfully finishing reading the first English book
5) satisfaction and pleasure
—————Pre-reading activities-2
1. Yes, because the way to learn English is more interesting and enjoyable. Yes, because learners become more motivated when learning something they like. No, because it's like a street learning without formal instruction. No, because learners may often make grammatical mistakes when talking or speaking.
2. Yes, I could speak and write more fluently with good grammar and vocabulary. Yes, I could better understand English native speakers after watching English movies and talk shows. Yes, as a result of surfing online in English, I'm able to read more quickly than before.
3. Read English novels and magazines. Listen to radios and watch TV programs. Talk to English speakers whenever possible. Write every day such as emails and journals.
—————Reading comprehension-1
1. Because he is tired of listening to his father and he is not interested in grammar rules.
2. The civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture are so marvelous and remarkable that they should be described at least in a brief account; however, what the student could do was only one single utterance: "whoa!" without any specific comment.
3. Because the schools fail to set high standards of language proficiency. They only teach a little grammar and less advanced vocabulary. And the younger teachers themselves have little knowledge of the vital structures of language.
4. Because teaching grammar is not an easy job and most of the students will easily get bored if it's not properly dealt with.
5. He familiarized his son with different parts of speech in a sentence and discussed their specific grammatical functions including how to use adverbs to describe verbs.
6. Because the son had never heard about the various names and functions of words in an English sentence before.
7. The author uses "road map" and "car" to describe grammar and vocabulary. Here, "road map" is considered as grammar and "car" as vocabulary.
8. Since the subjunctive mood his son used is a fairly advanced grammar structure, the interjection "whoa!" reflects the tremendous pride the father had toward his son; it also reflects the author's humor in using the word because it was once used by his student, though in two different situations and with two different feelings.
—————Reading comprehension-2
1. Motivation. Family support. Peer pressure. Financial status. Future career goals.
2. English grammar helps a lot in the following: Order sentences correctly. Use words properly. Talk with other English speakers confidently.English grammar is of little help: Only gives rules that are hard to remember Is not helpful in a real-life setting due to the limited time to think and recall the rules. Not always applicable to the real language, especially idioms.
3. Use more communicative ways. Encourage a lot of interactions. Put sentences in meaningful contexts.
4. Read more English from online sources. Watch English TV / listen to English radio / watch English online videos. Talk often with English speakers. Listen carefully and extensively. Use dictionaries to look up unfamiliar words. Use new words as often as possible.
5. Read English newspapers, magazines, and books. Write English as often as possible. Write emails in English.
—————Words in use
1) condense
2) exceed
3) deficit
4) exposure
5) asset
6) adequate
7) competent
8) adjusting
9) precisely
10) beneficial
—————Word building: Practice-1
1) managerial
2) editorial
3) substance
4) survival
5) tradition
6) margin
7) consistency
8) accuracy
9) efficient
10) recovery
11) ministry
12) assembly
—————Word building: Practice-2
1) editorial
2) recovery
3) accuracy
4) substance
5) managerial
6) margin
7) assembly
8) Ministry
9) survival
10) tradition
11) consistency
12) efficient
—————Banked cloze
1) obliged
2) tedious
3) beneficial
4) abundant
5) adjusted
6) bulk
7) evidently
8) functions
9) efficiently
10) distress
—————Expressions in use
1) feel obliged to
2) be serious about
3) run into
4) distinguish between
5) thrust upon
6) was allergic to
7) get lost
8) be attracted to
9) make sense
10) looked upon as
—————Structured writing: Practice
1) Some bookworms in my dormitory often spend hours reading their "Bible", Practical English Grammar, and do a lot of exercises in that book, but I don't care about it at all. My assumption is since I have never learned Chinese grammar, what's the sense of learning English grammar? In fact, English grammar has always been a big headache to me. English grammar is very complicated because, unlike Chinese, there are many verb tenses. Even stranger than verb tenses, English grammar also contains something very confusing. For example, I don't remember how many times my middle school teacher tried to "impose" the differences between used to and be used to on us. Sometimes he would go on with the explanation for 20 minutes or so. He even summarized the differences by listing three or four points for us to memorize. However, they could never stay in my head. I don't remember how many times I got it wrong with the sentences containing used to or be used to on my exams. I was really confused with these two phrases, and I can never get them right. In brief, I'm allergic to learning English grammar. Curiously, I just wonder if the native speakers of English have a microcomputer in their brain to help them utter the two phrases promptly with just a click of their brain mouse!
—————Translation-1
1) 人們普遍認為英語是一種世界語言，經常被許多不以英語為第一語言的國家使用。與其他語言一樣，英語也發生了很大的變化。英語的歷史可以分為三個主要階段：古英語，中古英語和現代英語。英語起源於公元5世紀，當時三個日耳曼部落入侵英國，他們對英語語言的形成起了很大的作用。在中世紀和現代社會初期，英語的影響遍及不列顛群島。從17世紀初，它的影響力開始在世界各地顯現。歐洲幾百年的探險和殖民過程導致了英語的重大變化。今天，由於美國電影、電視、音樂、貿易和技術、包括網際網路的大受歡迎，美國英語的影響力尤其顯著。
—————Translation-2
1) "Chinese calligraphy is a unique art and the unique art treasure in the world. The formation and development of the Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters. In this long evolutionary process, Chinese characters have not only played an important role in exchanging ideas and transmitting culture but also developed into a unique art form. Calligraphic works well reflect calligraphers' personal feelings, knowledge, self-cultivation, personality, and so forth, thus there is an expression that "seeing the calligrapher's handwriting is like seeing the person". As one of the treasures of Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy shines splendidly in the world's treasure house of culture and art.
—————Practice
1. He found he couldn't communicate well.
2. He was amazed at how closely related the words seemed.
3. Malcolm X kept thinking what he had learned.
4. Malcolm X found he was improving gradually.
5. He joined the world community of thoughts and actions.
—————Reading comprehension-1
1) D
2) A
3) C
4) A
5) C
6) B
7) C
8) D
—————Reading comprehension-2
1. Effort counts. No pains, no gains. Where there is a will, there is a way.
2. Perseverance. Determination. Motivation.
3. More time commitment. More learning strategies. More perseverance.
4. Probably not since it's too tedious and will drive me crazy. Probably will if it could work out perfectly.
5. Yes. One's knowledge is expanded and accumulated through learning a language, thus language learning is changing and shaping one's mind gradually. No. Language is just language and it has nothing to do with the shaping of one's mind; the mindset has more to do with one's nature, personality, and the way of one's thinking.
—————Words in use
1) mysterious
2) desperate
3) devise
4) negotiate
5) recalled
6) specifically
7) depict
8) ignorance
9) expand
10) confusion
—————Expressions in use
1) apply to
2) in a bid to
3) end up
4) Speaking of
5) get hold of
6) appealed to
7) Leaving
8) behind
9) focus on
—————Sentence structure-1
1. Even though it is important for the students to have a deep understanding of the texts, it doesn't make any sense to read texts word for word from the beginning to the end.
2. As it is a matter of little importance to us, it doesn't make much sense to argue out which is wrong or right or which is better or worse.
3. It makes no sense to compel children to obey their parents; instead, we should try to tell them what is right and what is wrong.
—————Sentence structure-2
1) I might as well have stayed at home
2) we might as well have taken the train home
3) so he might as well have told me all about it
—————Practice-1
1) I
2) G
3) E
4) F
5) H
6) D
7) A
8) B
9) C
—————Practice-2
1) essential
2) framework
3) proper
4) vocabulary
5) excellent
6) control
7) language
8) deficit
9) high
10) standards
11) language
12) proficiency
13) acquire
14) knowledge
15) competent
16) communication
17) overcome
18) deficiencies
19) sketch
20) thoughts
21) effective
22) communication
23) advanced
24) vocabulary
—————Words in context: Vocabulary learning
—————Words in context: Oral practice
1) Chinese civilization
2) exceeds
3) beneficial
4) marvelous
5) cultural asset
6) absorb, traditional Chinese culture
7) expand
8) focus on
—————Translation: English to Chinese
1.【譯文】當前國際間交流更加頻繁，文化接觸更加緊密，因而對文化多樣性的認識越來越普遍。【解析】【翻譯技巧】譯文行文注意英漢句子的語序差異：漢語背景在前，焦點在後，即句子重心一般在句尾；英語反之。【翻譯要點】cultural diversity 文化多樣性
2.【譯文】語言不僅是交流的工具，也是文化表達的基本結構，更是個體身份認同、價值觀、世界觀的載體。【解析】【翻譯技巧】本句的翻譯要點在於正確理解幾個關鍵詞彙的意思。fabric本義是材料，而the fabric of sth.表示（建築物的）基本結構，可以譯為文化表達的基本結構。identity本義為某人的身份，而在本句中表示身份認同。
3.【譯文】歷史和現實都表明，傲慢和偏見是文明交流互鑑的最大障礙。【解析】【翻譯要點】obstacle 障礙exchanges and mutual learning 交流互鑑
—————Translation: Chinese to English
1. 【譯文】Civilizations become richer and more colorful through exchanges and mutual learning, which form an important driver for human progress and global peace and development.【解析】【翻譯技巧】漢語講究對仗，追求韻律美，英語講究簡潔，避免詞彙和語意重複。故可以採用省略的技巧，將原文第一句文明因交流而多彩，文明因互鑑而豐富合併為一句。另外，第二句話也可以採用省略的方法，以定語從句的形式和第一句連結起來。【翻譯要點】① 交流不可譯為communication，表達不同國家人或團體之間的交流、互訪一般用exchange。例如：trade and cultural exchanges with China 與中國的貿易和文化交流。② 動力 driver
2. 【譯文】Without full confidence in our culture, without a rich and prosperous culture, the Chinese nation will not be able to rejuvenate itself. 【解析】【翻譯技巧】就沒有中華民族偉大復興譯成the Chinese nation will not be able to rejuvenate itself。原句偉大復興是名詞，與中華民族是所屬關係，也就是中華民族的偉大復興，是個偏正短語。此處中華民族是焦點，將其作為譯文的主語，有認知的凸顯。將原文的復興（名詞）譯為rejuvenate（動詞），意在強調復興過程本身。故譯文中轉換成了動賓結構。若不考慮外宣語境，此句還可譯為：Without full confidence in our culture, without a rich and prosperous culture, there won't be the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.Without full confidence in our culture, without a rich and prosperous culture, the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation will be a mission impossible.【翻譯要點】復興 rejuvenate
3. 【譯文】Traditional Chinese virtues are the essence of Chinese culture, and embody rich ethical and moral resources.【解析】【翻譯要點】中華文化精髓 the essence of Chinese culture思想道德資源 ethical and moral resources蘊含 embody
—————Video comprehension
1) D
2) C
3) B
—————Language practice: Words in use
1) increasingly
2) interact
3) facilitate
4) multilingual
5) inevitable
6) ongoing