英語四級詞彙考點歸納：相反
By contrast, the risk of death for drivers between 30 and 59 decreases with each additional passenger.
英語四級譯文:
與此相反，30到59歲之間的司機在載有乘客時出車禍的機率隨著乘客的增多而減小。
四級詞彙講解:
本句的主幹是the risk of death decreases。between 30 and 59修飾drivers;with引導伴隨狀語。
by contrast意為「相反」，相當於in contrist。如:
The coastal areas have mild winters, but by contrast the central plains become extremely cold.沿海地區的冬天天氣暖和，而與此相反，中部平原卻會異常寒冷。
英語四級考點歸納:
by contrast與in contrast含義相同，都表示「相反，大不相同」。與此含義相同的短語或者詞彙還有on the contrary, conversely和oppositely，它們的區別在於:
※ by contrast與in contrast都只強調所比較的事物是不同的。如:
But, in contrast, it is only in modern times that Galiteo has become a problem child for historians of science.但是相比之下，對於科學史學家來說，伽利略唯有在現代才被看做是問題小孩。
※ on the contrary多用於觀點或想法，暗示有很多不同方面的選擇。如:
He is not poor, on the contrary, he is a millionaire.他不窮，相反，他是個百萬富翁。
※ conversely暗示所比較的兩者截然相反。如:
Describe your greatest accomplishment and why it is important to you and, conversely, your greatest disappointment and what you learned from that exprience.描寫你最大的成就，並說明對你而言它為何重要，還要描寫與此相反的你最大的失敗經歷以及從中得到的教訓。
※ oppositely暗示所比較的兩者之間矛盾突出而尖銳。如:
My plan for career is not single, oppositely, I tend to expand my work into diversification.我的職業規劃不是單一的，相反，我傾向於在不同的領域中開拓事業。