編輯｜上海初高中英語
小編微信｜IA-English
公眾號｜Shanghai_English
▼ 本文是上海市高考閱讀題型教師教研材料，他山之石可以攻玉，希望能對教師的閱讀教學提供新思路。閱讀題型類文章共9篇，該篇是第09篇。獲取原文請聯繫小編。
高考英語閱讀理解：主旨題
在高考閱讀理解中，主旨大意題的考查佔有十分重要的位置。掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意也是《英語課程標準》和《考試說明》對考生的基本要求之一。只有通過閱讀掌握了文章的主題，才能正確理解文章，進而根據文章的事實細節推測作者的態度和觀點。主旨大意題主要是測試考生對一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對某一語段或某一語篇的主題標題或目的設題。這類題目考查的範圍是：
基本論點、文章標題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎上能較好地運用
概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對文章進行高度概括或總結，
屬於高層次題。1) The best title /headline for this passage might be_______.2) The text (passage) couldbe entitled ________.3) What is the best titlefor the passage?4) Which of the followingwould be suitable as a title for the passage?1) This passage chieflydeals with ______.2) What’s the topic of thearticle?3) What is the subjectdiscussed in the text?4) With what topic is thepassage chiefly concerned?考查考生對文章的主題、標題、中心思想的理解程度及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。常見題型為最佳標題（title）或中心思想（main idea）等。主題思想是文章的核心，能否抓住文章的主題思想，是考生閱讀能力最主要的體現。高考中閱讀理解的測試，自然也以此作為檢驗考生閱讀理解能力最重要的標準。要準確地抓住文章的主題思想，就要十分留意文章的開頭和結尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，從上下文連貫的意思來理解全文，看作者主要談的是什麼，透過文字敘述的過程來歸納主題，再從選擇項中找出最符合表達主題思想的選項。有些幹擾項，從局部看也許不算錯，但從全局看卻又片面。這類幹擾項與正確答案之差，其實是局部與全局之差。考生在做題時不要為局部現象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整體思想。做這類題時常用略讀法。快速閱讀文章找出各個段落的主題句。把各個段落的主題句聯繫起來著眼於全文結構安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的標題是中心思想最精煉的表達形式，選擇的標題意義範圍要能涵蓋全文，不能太大也不能太小。命題者在出這類題時，常常利用生活常識編造幹擾項，把文中的細節當主旨，利用局部信息編造幹擾項，編制超出文章範圍的標題或不能涵蓋文章中心意義的標題來考查考生的理解程度，考生要特別留意。下面結合高考試題，談談標題類和大意類主旨大意題的解題技巧。標題是段落中心思想最精煉的表達形式。在閱讀中不僅要求考生能夠通過自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且還要對概括出的中心思想加以提煉，擬定出段落的標題。在測試中能夠迅速而準確地選擇標題。 文章標題可以是單詞，短語，也可以是句子。標題可幫助讀者迅速推測出整篇文章的主要內容，抓住文章討論的中心，把握作者的觀點和意圖。它的特點是：短小精悍，多為一短語；涵蓋性強，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的範圍要恰當，既不能太大，也不能太小；精確性強，不能隨意改變語言表意的程度及色彩。
概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段開頭再看全文找主題句，若無明顯主題句，就通過關鍵詞句來概括(如議論文中尋找表達作者觀點態度的詞句，記敘文尋找概括情節和中心的動詞或反映人物特點的形容詞) 。文中出現兩種或兩種以上的不同觀點時，務必牢記作者的觀點才是體現全文中心的。此時，要注意一些轉折詞，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。當文章中表示相反的觀點時，往往用到這些詞。答題時要弄清哪個是作者的觀點，排除迷惑性信息，準確歸納主旨大意。 When we talk about intelligence, we do notmean the ability to get good scores in certain kinds of tests or even theability to do well in school. By intelligence we mean a way of living andbehaving, especially in a new or anxious situation. If we want to testintelligence, we need to find out how a person acts instead of how much heknows what to do.For example, when in a new situation, an intelligent person thinks aboutthe situation, not about himself or what might happen to him. He tries to findout all he can, and then he acts immediately and tries to do something aboutit. He probably isn’t sure how it will all work out, but at least he tries.And, if he can’t make things work out right, he doesn’t feel ashamed that hefails; he just tries to learn from his mistakes. An intelligent person, even ifhe is very young, has a special outlook(人生觀) onlife, special feeling about life, and knows how he fits into it.If you look at children, you』ll see great difference between what we call 「bright」children and 「not bright」 children. They are actually two different kinds ofpeople, not just the same kind with different amounts of intelligence. Forexample, the bright child really wants to find out more about life — he triesto get in touch with everything around him. But the unintelligent child keepsmore to himself and his own dream–world; he seems to have a wall between himand life in general.
What’s the main idea of the passage? A. What’s real meaning of intelligence? B. What’s the 「bright」 children’s behavior? C. What’s a special outlook on life? D. How to live and behave in a new situation?主旨大意題。本文主要講述了什麼才是真正的聰明這一話題。故答案為A。B、C、D項過於片面。A chemical important of brain development may play a role in explaining whysome people are genetically (由基因決定地) likely to suffer from anxiety and could lead tonew treatments, U.S. researchers said.They said highly anxious rats which were kept had very low levels of abrain chemical called fibroblast growth factor 2 or FGF2, compared with ratsthat were more relaxed. But when they improved the anxious rats』 livingconditions — giving them new toys to explore and a bigger cage to live in — levelsof this brain chemical increased and they became less anxious.「The levels of this brain chemical increased in response to the experiencesthat the rats were exposed to. It also decreased their anxiety」. Javier Perezof the University of Michigan said in atelephone interview. 「It made them behave the same way as the rats that wererelaxed」, he said.In a former study of people who were severely depressed before they died,the team found the gene that makes FGF2 was producing very low levels of thegrowth factor, which is known primarily for organizing the brain duringdevelopment and repairing it after injury.Perez thinks the brain chemical may be a marker for genetic vulnerability (脆弱性) to anxiety and depression. But it can also respond to changes in theenvironment in a positive way, possibly by preserving new brain cells.While both the calm and anxious rats produced the same number of new braincells, these cells were less likely to survive in the high-anxiety rats, theteam found. Giving the rats better living conditions or injecting them withFGF2 helped improve cell survival.「This discovery may pave the way for new, more specific treatments foranxiety that will not be based on sedation(藥物鎮靜), but will instead fight the real cause of the disease,」 Dr. Pier VincenzoPiazza fromFrancesaid in a statement.
Which of the following would be the most suitabletitle for the passage?A. Anxious rats and relaxed ratsB. Anxiety — a serious mental diseaseC. Scientific research into the brain isimportantD. Brain chemical may play key role in anxiety歸納標題題。本文主要介紹了科學家發現大腦裡有一種化學物質對人類的焦慮有很大的影響，此發現對醫生找到更好治療焦慮症的方法很有幫助。故D項作標題符合文章主旨。 TheEarth’s axis(軸) is an imaginary line that runs through the middle of the Earth from theNorth Pole to the South Pole. The axis of the earth is tilted (傾斜) about 23.5 degrees. This tilt of the earthresults in our seasons. InJune, the Northern Hemisphere (半球) is tilted toward the sun, so the people in the Northern Hemisphere havelonger and warmer days. The days are shorter and colder in the SouthernHemisphere in June, because the Earth is tilted away from the sun. The daysstart getting shorter in the Northern Hemisphere and longer in the SouthernHemisphere after about June 21. This is the first day of summer in the NorthernHemisphere and the first day of winter in the southern hemisphere. Daytimelasts exactly as long as nighttime on the first day of autumn (about September21) and the first day of spring (about March 21). The first day of winter inthe Northern Hemisphere, usually December 21, is the shortest day of the yearin the Northern Hemisphere and the longest day of the year in the SouthernHemisphere. Thedays are longer in summer and shorter in winter the further you move from theequator. It’s generally dark on a summer night in Floridaby 8:30 p.m., but in Vermont,there will still be some light at 10:00 p.m. The situation is reversed(相反的) inwinter, where the sun will go down in Vermont by 3:45 p.m. while there remainslight in Floridauntil 5:15 p.m. Northern Alaska is called the 「Land of the Midnight Sun」because it never gets dark during the summer months. That part of the Earth isfacing the sun all day and all night. Antarcticanever sees daylight during those months. The situation is reversed in Decemberand January when northern Alaska never seesthe sun while it continues to light the sky at night in Antarctica.
What might be the most suitable title for the text?C. Land of the Midnight Sun D. Northern and Southern Hemisphere該題屬於歸納標題題。本文主要講述了由於地球繞太陽公轉而產生的四季變化，是講述季節和空間的關係，故A選項最能體現全文的大意。
總結：主旨大意題屬於閱讀理解中高層次的題型設置，難度係數相比於其他閱讀題型大。該題拿滿分的要求比較高，既要讀懂文章，又要劃分清文章整體結構，跳出表層意義，能夠從深層次地對全文升維理解。建議備考時集中反覆訓練，多思考多總結。