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大家好,我是「中科院張老師」,英文寫作中,逗號被用來分隔分句和短語。由於國內傳統英語寫作教學中沒有對標點進行系統的指導,導致很多同學在使用標點時「隨性而為」,「憑感覺」做判斷,例如:
Demand for irrigation water is mainly influenced by climate change, the scale and patterns of crop planting, the use of water saving technologies and other such factors.
Therefore, exploring the factors that influence the irrigation water demand, and quantifying their contribution to that demand could provide insights on controlling the scale of agriculture.
以上例句摘自炬萌新學生論文原稿
拋開詞彙表達不說,這兩個句子中都出現了逗號的不恰當用法。在這些細節處給審稿人留下「不嚴謹」、「不規範」的不良印象,豈不是辜負了自己苦心費力寫出的論文?
那麼今天我就根據學生論文中經常出現的錯誤來聊聊「逗號」的一些用法。
▌情形一
句子中包含數量≥3的單詞,詞組或者分句時,用逗號將其分隔開來。特別是在連接最後一個要素的並列詞之前也加上逗號。
例如剛才提到的學生論文中的句子:
Demand for irrigation water is mainly influenced by climate change, the scale and patterns of crop planting, the use of water saving technologies and other such factors.
標點符號應改為:
Demand for irrigation water is mainly influenced by climate change, the scale and patterns of crop planting, the use of water saving technologies , and other such factors.
推薦表達為:
Demand of irrigation water is mainly influenced by climate change, the scale and patterns of crop planting, the use of water saving technologies , and other factors (and so on).
▌情形二
句子中連續的詞組或者分句最後是以表繼續或者省略的詞組結束時,例如「and so forth」「and so on」「and the like」這樣的詞組,需在其前面加上逗號。若這類詞組後面還接有其它句子成分,則可酌情添加逗號來避免歧義。
例如:
Using such techniques, management can improve not only productivity but also hours, working conditions, training, benefits , and so on, without reducing wages.
▌情形三
非限制定語短語出現在句子中需用逗號分隔。
例如:
The professor, wearing a blue hat, attended the conference. 此處「wearing a blue hat」為非限制定語短語,用逗號分隔;
The lady wearing a blue hat is the professor. 此處「wearing a blue hat」為限制性修飾,勿使用逗號。
▌情形四
介紹性的詞組,例如「for instance, for example, in other words,that is」出現在句首時,後面需加逗號;若出現在句中,則前後都使用逗號來進行分隔。
例如:
That is, researchers still have hunches and use exploratory methods.
Some methods, however, are particularly well suited to applying all three, for example, grounded theory as explained by……
▌情形五
句子中出現的連接副詞,或者副詞詞組,都需要用逗號分隔。
例如:
Nevertheless, it is a matter of great significance.
Recently a significant effort to model these systems has also examined, in particular, the role of this element in determining the behavior of……
▌情形六
複合句中的並列詞,類似「and, but, or, so, yet」等,連接兩個獨立句子並且這兩個句子在含義上需要一個停頓的話,我們在這些並列詞前面需加上逗號。但是如果並列詞連接的是並列主語或者謂語則不用加逗號。
例如文章開頭提到的學生論文中的句子:
Therefore, exploring the factors that influence the irrigation water demand, and quantifying their contribution to that demand could provide insights on controlling the scale of agriculture.
應修改為:
Therefore, exploring the factors that influence the irrigation water demand and quantifying their contribution to that demand could provide insights on controlling the scale of agriculture.
此處「exploring the factors that influence the irrigation water demand」和「quantifying their contribution to that demand」為該句的並列主語,用 and 連接但是不加逗號。
以上是大家在論文寫作中容易忽視的一些關於逗號的用法規範。
版權歸作者所有
作者:「中科院張老師」,「炬萌新」總參謀長,中科院研究員,博士生導師。從事科學研究和研究生的指導培養工作中超過20餘年。主持和參與完成973國家重點基礎研究發展計劃、國家重大科學儀器設備開發專項、國家自然科學基金共10餘項,發表研究論文70餘篇。
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