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2016考研英語閱讀題源經濟學人文章：領空限制
Aviation capacity
航空動力
Limited skies
領空限制
Expanding airport capacity in the south-east is abet on the future of travel
擴大東南地區的航空能力對旅行的未來至關重要
EVEN before Sir Howard Davies, an economistmulling where to put extra airport capacity in Britain, rejected the idea of building a big newhub in the Thames Estuary, the backlash had begun. Boris Johnson, the mayor of London andan enthusiastic supporter of the Thames plan, spluttered in advance, then branded thedecision 「myopic」. NIMBYs opposing the expansion of Heathrow and Gatwick groaned,knowing that the remaining options all involve building or extending runways at one of thoseairports. Sir Howard's final recommendation, due in 2015, is sure to run into heavy fire. Tomake matters worse, he and his team must hazard a guess about the future of air travel.
甚至在經濟學家霍華德·達維斯反對在泰晤士河口建造一座轉移英國多餘的航空能力的時候，反對的聲音就已經出現了。倫敦市長鮑裡斯·詹森和泰晤士計劃的一位積極的支持者對此氣急敗壞，並認為這種決定是「目光短淺」的表現。得知當前都需要擴建兩個機場或是擴建其中一個機場的跑道時，鄰避主義者反對擴建希思羅機場和蓋特威克機場。霍華德最終的建議將於2015年到期，的確引起了人們極大的憤怒。為了讓人們更加反對，他和他的團隊必須實行一個關於乘機航行的危險的猜想。
Heathrow and Gatwick are both full, or close to it, and want to expand. But the two airportspresently serve quite different parts of the market. Some 37% of passengers at Heathrowtransfer between flights. Nearly a third of its customers are on business. By contrast, only13% of Gatwick's customers are business travellers. Most are going on holiday. Just 7%transfer there—a proportion that has fallen by half over the past decade.
希思羅機場和蓋特威克機場的承載量已經接近飽和，都需要擴建。但是這兩個機場目前的市場服務內容並不同。希思羅機場37%的乘客都是乘飛機轉車。幾乎三分之一的客戶都是工作出行。相反，蓋特威克機場的客戶只有13%是工作出差。大多數都是遊客。只有7%的人是轉機的—— 在過去的10年裡，這個比例下降了一半。
Heathrow's shiny new Terminal 2, which opened in June, is full of expensive shops andrestaurants run by Michelin-starred cooks to entice rich passengers. At Gatwick, recentimprovements reflect its popularity with holidaygoers: a wider lane at a spruced-up securitygate has been set aside for families, while an area in the southern terminal is now reserved forelderly passengers, with comfy seats and a small duty-free shop.
希思羅新建的富麗堂皇的2號航站樓，於6月投入使用，裡面有許多昂貴的商店和米其林名廚運營的餐館以滿足富有乘客的需求。蓋特威克機場做了一些措施，以滿足眾多度假遊客的需求：一排安檢口前稍寬的區域劃為家人區，南邊航站樓屬於老年乘客區，配備了舒適的沙發和一個不大的免稅店。
The airports' managers also hold entirely different views about the way the airline industry willdevelop, and its place in the broader economy. Much of the argument for expanding Heathrowrests on the idea that hub airports are, and will remain, vital. Without further expansion,boosters argue, fewer flights to far-flung places such as Wuhan and Xiamen will be available tobusinessmen. If the capacity crunch persists, domestic flights are more likely to be delayed orcancelled. European airports will pick up those passengers instead. 「That's our GDP leakingout,」 says Jon Proudlove, the general manager of air-traffic control at Heathrow.
機場經理對飛機行業的發展方式及其在更廣闊的經濟領域的地位也是各執己見。擴建希思羅機場的主要觀點是樞紐機場現在很重要，將來也很重要。支持者們反駁，如果不擴建的話，幾乎沒有多少飛機能前往武漢、廈門等地，這對商業人士來說是非常不方便的。如果要開啟前往這些地方的航班，國內航班很可能會延誤或取消。歐洲的機場將接受這批遊客。希思羅機場的空管經理Jon Proudlove 說：「我們的GDP就這樣溜走了」
Not surprisingly, Gatwick takes a different view. Over the past ten years the growth of low-costairlines has been explosive, points out Sir Roy McNulty, chairman of the Gatwick group. Peopleare travelling in different ways, with more 「self-connecting」 to keep costs down. Althoughconnections with emerging markets are important, Europe and North America will remainBritain's largest trading partners, he argues. London will be a destination in its own right, buta British hub may not be able to compete with the mega-hubs emerging in the Middle East.
毫不意外，蓋特威克卻持有不同的觀點。蓋特威克集團的主席Roy McNulty指出，在過去的十年裡，低價航線呈井噴式發展。人們旅遊的方式各不相同，通過越來越多的「個人關係」降低費用。他表示，儘管新興市場之間的關係非常重要，歐洲和北美仍是英國最大的合作夥伴。倫敦將憑藉自身能力成為航班目的地，但是英國的樞紐機場無法與中東崛起的特大樞紐機場相抗衡。
Boosters for a second runway at Gatwick point to the rising number of orders for aircraftwhich could offer 「hub-bypass」 services, flying people directly from one city to another. BritishAirways (BA), the largest British carrier, has ordered 18 Airbus A350s and 36 Boeing 787s,which efficiently ferry a smaller number of people over longer distances, making somesecondary markets more viable. But betting on orders is tough: BA also has six huge A380son order, each of which flies around 500 passengers between congested hubs, to add to sixalready in stock.
支持蓋特威克機場修建第二道飛機跑道的人們表明，飛機數量過多，人們可以通過「機場通道」將人們從一個城市直接運到另一個城市。英國最大的客運航空，英國航空公司(BA)，訂購了18架A350s空中巴士，36架787s波音，能有效地運送少量的遠距離乘客，使得二級市場的存活能力更強。但是用訂單打賭很難決定輸贏：英國汗孔也有6架大型A380s，每架可承載500乘客
Sir Howard and his team will have to base their final recommendation on a good deal ofguesswork about future trends that perplex people in the airline industry. That will make iteasier for politicians to argue over their decision—particularly the ones who answer to theresidents of west London, rattled by jets arriving at and leaving Heathrow. And as Sir Howardconsiders his options, both Heathrow and Gatwick grow ever busier.
霍華德及其團隊將不得不在大量猜測未來的飛機行業對人們影響的基礎上得出最終的建議。這能幫助決策者更容易地討論自己的決定——尤其是那些需要向西倫敦市民作出答覆的政客，市民們對希思羅機場起飛、降落的飛機抱怨極大。在霍華德考慮如何抉擇的時候，希思羅機場和蓋特威克機場越來越忙了。
1.run into 偶遇;偶然碰見;撞上
例句:But the government'splans have run intostrong opposition from civil rights campaigners.
但是政府的計劃意外遭到了民權運動人士的強烈反對。
2.want to 想去;想要
例句:The difference between who you are and whoyou want to be is what you do.
你是什麼樣的人和你想成為什麼樣的之間的差距就是，你做了什麼。
3.such as 例如;諸如
例句:We dislike people such as him.
我們不喜歡像他這號人。
4.compete with 競賽;與競爭
例句:Charles has never felt the need to compete with anyone.
查爾斯從未感到有與任何人競爭的必要。