非謂語動詞之doing
一般式
完成式
主動式
(not) doing
(not) having done
被動式
(not) being done
(not) having been done
①doing: 表示主動,進行。作狀語時, 表示與謂語動詞同時發生,但有時也表示一個動作一完成, 另一動作馬上進行。doing在句中主要用作定語和狀語。
②beingdone: 表示被動, 進行。在句中主要用作定語和介詞賓語。
③havingdone: 表示主動，完成。在句中通常用作各種狀語, 表示比謂語動詞先發生。
④havingbeen done: 表示被動, 完成。在句中通常用作各種狀語, 表示比謂語動詞先發生。
★A.現在分詞作定語: 只有doing,being done才能用作定語。doing作定語時,如果是一個詞就放於被修飾的名詞前, 如是短語則放於被修飾的名詞後。being done只能放於被修飾的名詞後。
1)The sleeping man is a driver. (主動，進行)
2)The man sleeping under the tree is a driver. (主動，進行)
3)The truck being repaired now will be given to the smallvillage. (被動，進行)
★B. 現在分詞作表語: 只有doing可以用作表語。 表示「使/令人……的」。
The result of the exam is disappointing.
◆以下動詞除scare, delight外均可加上ing, 用作表語,表示「使/令人……的」。
surprise, astonish,amaze, shock, frighten, terrify, alarm, touch, move, annoy(使生氣/惱怒), bore(使厭煩), disturb(使焦慮/煩惱/不安/驚訝), please, amuse, fulfill(使高興/滿意),encourage, inspire, tire, exhaust, interest, satisfy, excite,disgust(使反感), frustrate(使沮喪), disappoint, embarrass,worry,confuse, puzzle, thrill, depress, convince…
【scare--- scary】 【delight ---delightful】 【upset ---upsetting】
★C.現在分詞作時間狀語: doing,having done, having been done均可用作時間狀語。
1)Workingin thecountryside,I learned a lot from the farmers. (主動，同時)
2)Having sweptthe classroom , they went back home. (主動，先發生)
3)Havingbeen shownaroundChina, we were then taken to Japan. (被動，先發生)
★D.現在分詞作原因狀語: doing,having done, having been done均可用作原因狀語。
1)Seeingthat shewas very tired, I asked if she』d like some coffee. (主動，同時)
2)Not realizingthe great danger,Jim walked into the forest. (主動，同時)
3)Beingastudent, youshould obey all the rules of the school.
4)Being ill, her grandmother didn’t walk her dogthis morning.
5)Havingcaught the first bus,I got to the school early this morning. (主動，先發生)
6)Not having completed the project, they have to stay there for another five weeks.
(主動，先發生)
7)Havingbeen given the right change,she left the shop in a hurry. (被動，先發生)
★E.現在分詞作結果狀語: 只有doing可以用作結果狀語。
1)More highways have been built in China, making the people richer and richer.
2)A small plane crashed near the town, killing four people there.
★F.現在分詞作目的狀語: 只有doing可以用作目的狀語。
1)The man has come to the city, looking for his lost mother.
= The man has come to the city tolook for hislost mother.
★G現在分詞作伴隨狀語: 只有doing可以用作伴隨狀語。
1)The girl walked out of the hospital,singing anddancing.
2)「We can’t go out in this weather,」 said Peter, looking out of the window.
3)The boys are standing/sitting (by the windows) playing games.
★H.現在分詞作條件狀語: 只有doing可以用作條件狀語。
1)Working harder, you will make greaterprogress.
= Work harder, and you will make greaterprogress.
= If you work harder, you will make greater progress.
2)Weatherpermitting, theship will leave the harbor for Taiwan.
★I.現在分詞作賓語補足語: 只有doing, being done可以用作賓語補足語。
以下動詞see,watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, smell, look at,listen to, find, discover, have,get, keep, send, set, catch, leave, like , stop,prevent…, 均可以接賓語後再接doing作賓語補足語。see,watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, find等動詞接賓語後還可以接being done短語作賓語補足語。
1)Just now I saw a woman walkingin the desert.
2)As we approached, I could see a girl beingattacked by sixboys.
非謂語動詞之過去分詞
過去分詞只有一種形式，即-ed形式或特殊形式。過去分詞通常表示被動，完成。
pollute
polluted
write
written
show
showed/shown
過去分詞的否定：not done
★A.定語: 過去分詞作定語只有一個詞時，通常放在被修飾的名詞前面(但也有例外)，是一個短語作定語時，就放在被修飾的名詞之後。過去分詞作定語時，被修飾的名詞與過去分詞之間是被動關係。
1)We can’t live on borrowed money.
2)You mustn’t drink the pollutedwater.
3)You mustn’t drink the water pollutedby the factory.
4)The computercentre, opened last year, isvery popular with the students in this school．
★B. 表語: 過去分詞可放在系動詞be, become, get, look, seem, appear, sound等後作表
語，表示主語自身的感受。
1)Everybody is excited aboutthe new hospital.
2)The painterlooked tired after working fora whole day.
●以下動詞除scare,delight外均可加ed或ing構成一個形容詞。-ed形容詞常表示主語或被修
飾的人／動物自身的感受； ing形容詞常表示主語或被修飾的名詞使/令人有某種感受。
surprise, astonish,amaze, shock, frighten, terrify, alarm, touch, move, annoy(使生氣/惱怒), bore(使厭煩), disturb(使焦慮/煩惱/不安/驚訝), please, amuse, fulfill(使高興/滿意),encourage, inspire, tire,exhaust, interest, satisfy, excite, disgust(使反感), frustrate(使沮喪), disappoint,embarrass,worry, confuse, puzzle, thrill, depress, convince…
【scare--- scary】 【delight ---delightful】 【upset ---upsetting】
●以上動詞構成的-ed形式還可用來修飾以下名詞: face,look, laugh, smile, eye, voice，manner,
heart, expression, tone, cry, feeling, conversation, pace等。
1)Her excited laugh shows that she hasbeen hired by the company.
2) He told me thenews in a very surprised voice.
★C. 狀語: 過去分詞作狀語時，句子主語與它之間的關係是被動關係。它主要可以用作：
●①. 原因狀語:
1)Bitten twice by our dog, thepostman refused to deliver our letters.
= Havingbeen bitten twice by our dog, thepostman refused to deliver our letters.
2)Not given enough time, hecouldn’t finish the work.
= Not havingbeen given enough time, hecouldn’t finish the work.
●②. 時間狀語:
1)Seen from the mountain, the town looks very beautiful.
= When it is seen from the mountain, the townlooks very beautiful.
●③. 條件狀語:
1)Taken in time, themedicine will have no side effect.
= If it is taken in time, the medicine willhave no side effect.
2)Grown in rich soil, theseseeds can grow faster.
= If they are grown in rich soil, these seedscan grow faster.
●④. 伴隨狀語:
1)The presidentcame to the square, followed byabout forty guards.
●⑤. 過去分詞可在although,though, even if, even though, whether等後構成讓步狀語:
1)Although beaten by the enemy, she refusedto let out the secret.
2)We willstay here even if starved todeath.
●⑥. 過去分詞可用在when, while,once, until, unless, as if, if, than, as等後面，作各式狀語:
1)When taken according to thedirections, the drug has no sideeffect.
2)She is more beautifulthan supposed/thought.
◆after, before後不能接過去分詞表示被動，它們的後面通常接動名詞的被動形式來表示被動意義:
1)After being bitten by a snake, you should go to the hospital at once.
2)Before being used, the computer should be tested.
★D. 賓語補足語: 在動詞have, get, find ,make, leave, want, see, watch,notice, observe, feel, hear等的後面先接賓語，然後接過去分詞，該過去分詞即為賓語補足語, 賓語與過去分詞之間是被動關係:
1)When I came in, Ifound Lucy surrounded by someworkers.
2)Only in this way,can you make yourself heardby allthe students.
3)Mr Brown wantshis paintings displayed(展出) in the new hall.
◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎◎
1)The man _________________(stand)at the school gate now.
2)The man _________________(stand)at the school gate is a chemistry teacher.
3)The man _________________(praise)by the headmaster is a chemistry teacher.
4)Whois the boy ________________ (speak)to your sister?
5)What’s the language____________(speak) in South Africa?
6)English _____________(speak) in SouthAfrica.
7)The meeting ______________(hold)yesterday is of great importance to our school.
8)The parents』 meeting_________________(hold) yesterday.
9) The house_________________(buy) in 2012.
10)The house_________________(buy) in 2012 is worth 100,000 dollars now.
11)______________ (finish) theinterview, the manage went back to his office.
12)______________(not know) how towork out the difficult math problem, he asked the teacher for help.
13)______________(not finish) myhomework, I will have to work for another hour.
14)_______________(live) with thegirl for 5 years, we all know her very well.
15)_______________(work) hard,you'll succeed in the future.
16)_______________(work) hard, andyou'll succeed in the future.
17)_______________(work) hard, or you'llbe fired by the boss.
18)If you _______________(notwork) hard, you'll be fired by the boss.
19)The child will burst out cryingwhen ___________(ask) to wash his shoes.
20)The child will burst out cryingwhen ___________(wash) his shoes.
21)______________(give) enoughtime, we can do the work well.
22)______________(give) thespeech, the president left the hall.
23)______________(give) the speechon time, the president left the hotel early.
24)______________(move) by what Isaid, the boy burst into tears.
25)Because he_______________(move) by what I had said, he burst into tears.
26)______________(hear) theirteacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.
27)______________(hear) what theteacher is saying, I will go to the front.
28)They _______________(learn) 568new words in the past ten weeks.
29)They _______________(learn) 568new words by the end of last week.
30)Most of the people _____________(invite)to the opening ceremony were famous scientists from abroad.
31)Many famous scientists ___________________(invite)to the opening ceremony next month.
32)The high building _______________ (build) therenow is for the old without children. It is expected to be finished in a year.
33)I know aman____________(work) at that factory.
34) I know a man____________(name)John at that factory.
35)Her grandfather is sitting inthe living room _____________(read) China Daily.
36) A big fire broke out lastnight, _____________(kill) 107 persons in the room.
37)______________(know) more wordsand phrases, I find it easier to write a composition now.
38)It is not _____________(surprise)that children are _______________(surprise) at the news.
39)The government gives us money,______________(help) us to live through the hard years.
40)The government gives us money______________(help) us to live through the hard years.
41)____________(plant) by thelake, the trees will grow better.
42)There are many people_____________(run) along the road now.
43)If you are a good teacher, youmust make yourself ____________(understand) by most of your students.
44)The audience walked out of thestadium, ____________(talk) happily.
45)_____________(reject) by themanager, the woman jumped down from the 30th floor.
1.is standing 2.standing 3.praised 4.speaking 5.spoken
6.is spoken 7.held 8.was held 9.was bought 10.bought
11.Having finished 12.Notknowing 13.Not having finished
14.Having lived 15.Working 16.Work 17.Work 18.don’t work
19.asked 20.washing 21.Given 22.Havinggiven 23.To give
24.Moved 25.was moved 26.Hearing/Havingheard 27.To hear
28.have learnt 29. had learnt 30.invited 31.will be invited
32.being built 33.working 34.named 35.reading 36.killing
37.Having known/Knowing 38.surprising; surpried 39.helping 40.to help
41.Planted 42.running 43.understood 44.talking
45.Rejected/Having been rejected