歷史沿革
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION
中國和衣索比亞兩國於1970年正式建交，在此之前，中國總理周恩來曾於1964年到訪衣索比亞。作為回訪，衣索比亞的皇帝海爾·塞拉西一世於1971年訪問北京。此外，在同一年，衣索比亞和中國兩國籤訂了首份貿易協議。在隨後的德格政府執政期間（1974—1991年），埃中兩國交往逐漸增多。這期間雙方籤訂了一系列協議，包括第二次貿易協定（1976年）、貿易條例（1984年，1986年和1988年）以及保護雙邊投資協定（1988年）。德格政權倒臺後，衣索比亞於1991年建立聯邦民主共和國， 埃中兩國關係得到進一步增強。兩國高層互訪不斷增多，並籤訂了兩份具有裡程碑式意義的協定，分別是1996年籤訂的貿易、經濟和科技合作協定以及2009年籤訂的消除重複計稅協定。2017年5月，埃中兩國關係升級為全面戰略夥伴關係，充分體現了雙方堅定的合作關係。
China and Ethiopia established diplomatic relations in 1970, following Premier Chou-En Lai’s visit to Ethiopia in 1964. This was reciprocated by the Ethiopian Emperor Haileselassie’s visit to Beijing in 1971. This year also marked the first ever Trade Agreement signed between Ethiopia and China. With the coming to power of the Derg regime (1974–1991), the intensity of bilateral relationships significantly increased. A number of agreements were signed during this period, including, the second Trade Agreement (1976), Trade Protocols (1984, 1986, and 1988), and an Agreement for Mutual Protection of Investment (1988). Ethio – China ties have continued to strengthen after Derg’s removal from power and the formation of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in 1991. High level visits and interactions became more frequent, and two major milestone bilateral agreements were signed, for Trade, Economic, and Technological Cooperation (1996) and to Eliminate Double Taxation (2009). In May 2017, Ethio-China relation was elevated to a Comprehensive Strategic Cooperation Partnership level, in demonstration of the strong and unique partnership the two nations enjoy.
過去50年間，兩國歷屆政府密切合作，不斷擴展雙方經貿合作的深度和廣度，體現了埃中兩國深厚的關係。鑑於過去十幾年間經濟雙位數的高速發展，以及採用類似的發展模式，與30—40年前的中國相比，今天的衣索比亞在商業環境方面與中國有很多相似點。由於天然熟悉這種商業環境，中國投資者很早就來到衣索比亞開展投資，充分抓住了衣索比亞經濟增長的機遇。
The fact that successive regimes of government in both countries worked hard to maintain and broaden the scope of economic ties and cooperation over the last five decades, is a testament to the enduring nature of Ethio – China relationship. Owing to its developmental state model and the rapid double-digit economic growth it registered over a period of more than a decade. There are also similarities between the business environment of Ethiopia and that of China 30 – 40 years ago. Comfortable and familiar with the operating environment, Chinese investors were among the first wave of foreign investors to take advantage of the opportunities presented by Ethiopia’s growing economy.
隨著衣索比亞決定設立駐中國大使館和新建三個領事館（上海、重慶和廣州），兩國經貿聯繫達到了新的高度。同樣的，衣索比亞航空目前已開設了直通中國5個城市的航班。新冠肺炎疫情的到來導致航班和乘客人數大幅下滑，但在此之前，這些航班每年能夠運載超過100萬的遊客往來中國和衣索比亞乃至非洲各國之間。儘管受到疫情影響，但衣索比亞航空飛往中國的航班並未停運，目前仍然是連接中國與世界各地的重要貨運通道。
The economic and trade exchange of both countries has now reached a level where the Ethiopian government has decided to establish three consulate offices (Shanghai, Chongqing, and Guangzhou) in addition to the Embassy in Beijing. Similarly, the Ethiopian airlines currently have direct flights to more than five destinations in China. Before the COVID-19 pandemic took hold, and resulted in unprecedented decline in number of flights and passengers, the airline was transporting up to a million passengers a year between China and Ethiopia and the rest of Africa. The Ethiopian Airlines has continued to fly to China even during the Covid-19 crisis, and currently serves as one of the main carriers for cargo from China to the rest of the world.
衣索比亞—中國經濟合作關係
ETHIO – CHINA ECOMOMIC PARTNERSHIP
加入重要的合作平臺
Participation in key cooperation platforms
衣索比亞積極參加了由中國政府搭建的多個平臺，並與其它非洲國家深入發展經貿關係。衣索比亞政府高層和民間企業代表參加的主要平臺包括：
Ethiopia has been actively and prominently taking part in various platforms created by the Chinese government to nurture and develop its economic and trade ties with African countries. Some of the major events in which high level Ethiopian government officials and representatives of private sector actively participated include:
中非合作論壇： 目前是中非合作方面最大和最具成效的平臺。2000年以來，衣索比亞積極參加中非合作論壇峰會和部長級會議，並於2003年12月在阿迪斯阿貝巴舉辦了第二屆中非合作論壇部長級會議。2018年9月，在上臺僅僅幾個月後，衣索比亞總理阿比·艾哈邁德·阿里就到訪北京參加第六屆中非合作論壇峰會。中非合作論壇同樣也是鞏固埃中政治和經濟關係的有效平臺。2000年首屆中非合作論壇在北京舉行時，中國在衣索比亞的投資為零。到2018年第六屆中非合作論壇舉辦時，中國對衣索比亞的直接投資超過40億美元。一些大型的投資項目自2000年初開始運作，這主要得益於埃中兩國政府和民營企業代表在首屆中非合作論壇和分論壇上的洽談合作。
Forum for China Africa Cooperation (FOCAC):Arguably the biggest and most effective platform for China-Africa cooperation. Ethiopia has been actively taking part in the FOCAC summits and ministerial conferences that were being held since 2000. The country was also a host to the 2nd FOCAC Ministerial Conference in Addis Ababa, in December of 2003. Only a few months after coming into power, PM Abiy Ahmed visited Beijing in September of 2018 to attend the 6th FOCAC summit. FOCAC has been an effective platform for cementing Ethio-China political and economic relationships. Chinese investment in Ethiopia was non-existent when the first FOCAC summit was held in Beijing in 2000, by the time the 6th summit was held in 2018, Chinese FDI stock in Ethiopia had exceeded USD4 billion. Some of the major investments sourced from China since the early 2000’s, resulted from discussions held between Ethiopian and Chinese government officials and private sector representatives during the summit and on the sidelines.
中國國際進口博覽會： 2018年首屆中國國際進口博覽會舉辦，衣索比亞政府和民營企業積極參加。進博會極大地推進了衣索比亞和中國企業之間的經貿往來。衣索比亞的主要出口商參加了2018年和2019年兩屆進博會，籤訂了大量的咖啡、芝麻和大豆貿易協議。進博會的成果也有效增加了衣索比亞的出口，並降低了雙方的貿易不均衡的程度。
China International Import Expo (CIIE): Ethiopian government and private sector have been actively participating in the China International Import Expo (CIIE), since the yearly event begun in 2018. CIIE has been instrumental in creating the platform for the facilitation of trade and investment deals between local and Chinese business people. Top Ethiopian exporters that took part in both the 2018 and 2019 events have returned back with initial agreements for large volumes of coffee, sesame, and soybean exports to China. The outcomes from this expo have contributed to enhancing Ethiopia’s export performance, and narrowing down the current level of trade imbalance between Ethiopia and China.
中非經貿博覽會：自2018年中非經貿博覽會首次在中國長沙舉辦以來，衣索比亞便深入參與其中。衣索比亞的咖啡、芝麻、大豆和皮革企業都參加了博覽會。埃方代表團和衣索比亞投資委員會在博覽會期間舉辦了投資論壇和會議。
China Africa Economic & Trade Expo (CAETE): Ethiopia had a high-profile participation at the first ever China Africa Economic & Trade Expo held in Changsha, China, in July of 2018. Ethiopian businesses in coffee, sesame, soybean, and leather took part in the event. The Ethiopian mission to China and EIC also organized investment forums and meetings on the sidelines of the event.
一帶一路：「一帶一路」倡議是埃中全面合作需要遵循的框架。衣索比亞是「一帶一路」倡議的重要合作方，目前與中國和地方政府合作開展大型基礎設施發展項目，包括由中方承建和融資支持的衣索比亞—吉布地鐵路項目。
Belt & Road Initiative (BRI): The BRI remains to be an over-arching framework for Ethio – China cooperation. Ethiopia is a key partner to the BRI, and is undertaking major infrastructural and developmental projects along the Belt and Road, in cooperation with the Chinese and regional governments. Notable among these is the Ethio-Djibouti Railway project constructed by a Chinese contractor and with financial support from China.
合作領域
Areas of cooperation
基礎設施發展
Infrastructural development
中國在金融方面助力衣索比亞基礎設施建設項目的實施，包括：公路、鐵路、水壩和通訊基礎設施。中國資本最初進入衣索比亞主要以國有企業為主，在兩國雙邊協議的框架下，藉助中方的援助和優惠貸款，相關項目重點集中在建築和能源領域。主要的標誌性項目包括：
China has provieded the financing support to help the development of the infrustructure in Ethiopia including： roads, railways, hydroelectric dams, and telecom infrastructure. The initial flow of Chinese investment into Ethiopia was largely made by state-owned enterprises in the construction and energy sectors on the back of bilateral agreements between the two governments, in exchange for aid and concessional loans from the Chinese government towards these types of projects. Major landmark infrastructural projects include：
·阿迪斯阿貝巴—阿達瑪高速公路Addis Ababa – Adama Expressway
·阿迪斯阿貝巴—環線公路工程Addis Ababa Ring-road Project
·阿迪斯阿貝巴—輕軌項目Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit Project
·衣索比亞—吉布地鐵路Ethio – Djibouti Railway
·吉蓋爾·吉貝和特克澤大壩Gilgel Gibe and Tekeze Dams
·華為和中興通訊基礎設施項目Huawei and ZTE Telecom Infrastructure Projects
中國的投資在衣索比亞工業園建設方面發揮了重要作用。作為衣索比亞首家工業園，東方工業園由中國民營企業開發建設。
Chinese investment also played a great role in the development of industrial parks in Ethiopia. One of the first industrial parks to be developed in Ethiopia, the Eastern Industrial Park Zone was developed by a Chinese private developer.
目前由中國官方和民間投資者開發的工業園包括：
Currently there are several industrial parks being developed by public and private Chinese investors, notable among these are：
華堅輕工業園： 作為中國最大的鞋類生產商和出口商，華堅集團於2011年在衣索比亞建立了工廠，並計劃在10年間投資20億美元發展製鞋產業。該公司為Guess和Calvin Klein代工生產，並希望10年內從衣索比亞出口金額達到40億美元。華堅集團計劃在衣索比亞創造10萬個崗位，幫助該國成為新的全球製造中心。華堅輕工業園位于勒布區（阿迪斯阿貝巴的西南郊），佔地面積138公頃。該工業園將專注於皮革和其它混合投資項目。
Huajian Light Industrial Park: Huajian is One of the largest shoe producers and exporters in China. Huajian set up a factory in Ethiopia in 2011, as part of its plan to invest USD2 billion over 10 years in developing manufacturing clusters focused on shoemaking for export. The company produces shoes for brands such as Guess and Calvin Klein, and hopes to see its exports from Ethiopia reach USD4 billion within ten years. Huajian plans to create 100,000 new jobs in Ethiopia, helping the country become a new international manufacturing hub. Huajian Light Industrial Park currently under construction in Lebu area (South Western outskirts of Addis Ababa) lies on 138 ha of land. The park will specialize in leather and other mixed portfolios of investments.
陽光阿達瑪工業園：該工業園由來自中國的民營投資企業江蘇陽光集團承建。江蘇陽光集團的紡織業務擁有年均生產350萬件高檔男女服飾以及3500萬米精紡毛織物的產能。此外該企業還是世界最大的羊毛紡織和高檔服飾生產基地。位於阿達瑪的陽光工業園佔地80公頃。
Sunshine Adama Industrial Park: This park is being developed by Jiangsu Sunshine Group, a private Chinese investment group. Jiangsu Sunshine Group’s textile business has annual production capacity of 3.5 million sets of high-grade men’s suits and women’s wear, 35 million meters of superfine worsted wool fabrics. It is also the world's largest wool textile and high-grade apparel manufacturer. The Sunshine Park in Adama is situated on 80 hectares of land.
國王阿達瑪工業園：國王是中國最大的紡織和服裝企業之一。該公司在阿達瑪的工業園佔地32公頃，主要生產紡織品和服飾。
Kingdom Adama Industrial Park: Kingdom is one of the largest private Chinese textile & garment companies. It is developing a park on 32 hectares of land in Adama, to manufacture textile and garment.
無錫一棉迪熱達瓦項目：無錫一棉紡織集團是中國最大的國有紡織企業之一，該公司目前正在衣索比亞迪熱達瓦工業園建立大型的紡織工廠。該項目佔地51公頃，通過300條紡錘設備生產高端紡線和布料。目前項目一期已經完成，100條紡錘投入運行。如果產能完全釋放，該項目每年能夠生產2.6噸紡線和3000萬米坯布，創造3500個就業崗位。
Wuxi No.1 Dire Dawa Project: Wuxi Jinmao Co. Ltd, one of the largest state-owned textile companies in China, is establishing a large-scale textile manufacturing factory inside Dire Dawa Industrial Park. Situated on 51 hectares of land, the factory will produce high-end yarns and fabrics with 300 thousand spindles. The first phase of the project is already complete, with 100 thousand spindles in operation. At full capacity, the factory will produce up to 26,000 tons yarns and 30 million meters of gray fabrics annually, and create 3500 jobs.
貿易合作
Trade cooperation
中國是衣索比亞的主要貿易合作夥伴，佔據衣索比亞進口量的18%。進口產品包括機械設備、電子產品、紡織品和服飾、醫療產品、建築材料、化工品以及其它加工類產品。中國同樣也是衣索比亞商品的重要出口目的地，相關商品包括咖啡、芝麻和大豆。然而，向中國的出口僅佔衣索比亞總出口量的8%，因此對於衣索比亞而言，雙邊貿易依然體現嚴重逆差。
China is a leading trading partner to Ethiopia. It accounts for over 18% of total imports. Imported items include machinery & equipment, electronics, textile & apparel, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, chemicals, and other processed products. China is also emerging as the main export destination for some of the key export commodities out of Ethiopia, mainly coffee, sesame, and soybean. However, exports to China are still at around 8% of total exports and Ethiopia currently has a wide trade imbalance with China.
投資合作
Investment cooperation
來自中國的直接投資
FDI Inflows from China
中國目前已是衣索比亞主要的投資來源國，同樣衣索比亞也日益成為中國重要的投資目的地。2010年至2017年間，中國對衣索比亞的投資佔中國對非總投資的21%。2017年，中國主導的投資項目數量佔衣索比亞吸引外資項目的一半。接下來兩年，也就是2018年和2019年，中國投資項目數量佔比進一步增長至60%，使得中國成為衣索比亞最大的投資來源國。過去5年間，無論是投資金額還是項目數量，中國對衣索比亞的直接投資約佔衣索比亞吸引總外資的27%。
China has emerged as a major FDI sourcing destination for Ethiopia. Ethiopia is an increasingly favored investment destination for China as well, representing more than 21% of Chinese FDI flows into Africa over the period from 2010 – 2017. In 2017, the number of Chinese investment projects accounted for half of the total FDI projects in the country. In the following two years, i.e., 2018 and 2019, the percentage of Chinese investment projects to total FDI projects climbed to 60%, making China the single largest source of FDI into Ethiopia. Both in volume of investment and number of projects, Chinese FDI inflow has averaged at around 27% of total FDI inflows to Ethiopia over the last five years.
中國對衣索比亞的投資迅速增長，並且覆蓋了多個行業。如前所述，最初的投資主要進入建築和能源領域，主要是由國企主導。然而最近10年，中國對埃投資轉移至製造業。目前超過1000家中國企業在衣索比亞運營，創造了數以萬計的就業崗位，改善了進出口表現。目前製造業項目佔中國對埃總投資的79%，而建築領域相關投資僅為10%左右。目前在衣索比亞經商的企業中，超過90% 為民營企業。
China has rapidly increased its investment scale in Ethiopia, going into more diversified sectors. As mentioned above, the initial wave of investment went into construction and energy sectors and it was mainly state led. Chinese investments over the past decade however, have primarily focused on manufacturing activities. Currently there are over 1000 Chinese enterprises operating in Ethiopia, creating thousands of job opportunities, and boosting export performance .Manufacturing projects account for about 79% of total FDI inflows from China, in contrast to investments into the construction sector which stands at approximately 10%. And the overwhelming majority (more than 90%) of Chinese enterprises operating in Ethiopia, are privately owned.
2020年以來，衣索比亞政府頒布了新的投資條例，並推行了多項經貿投資措施，確保本地和外資企業享受更為優良的商業環境。此外，衣索比亞開放了之前不允許外商投資的領域，這些舉措將進一步增加吸引外資量，包括來自中國的投資。
With the introduction of a brand-new investment proclamation this year, and unprecedented number of other reforms introduced in the trade and investment space, the Ethiopian government is hard at work in making the business environment more friendly to local and foreign private sector businesses. This, coupled with the opening up of sectors previously closed for foreign direct investment, will greatly enhance FDI inflows overall, including from our major investment partner - China.
促進吸引外資的合作協議
Cooperation agreements to promote FDI
衣索比亞投資委員會與中國政府各部門和中國民間協會籤署了多項框架性協議（諒解備忘錄），這些協議包括：
The Ethiopian Investment Commission has signed various framework agreements (Memorandum of Understandings) with various organs of the Chinese government and private sector associations in China. Some examples are：
與中國貿促會籤署的諒解備忘錄：衣索比亞投資委員會與中國貿促會和地方分會籤署了一系列合作諒解備忘錄，旨在進一步推進雙邊投資。委員會還主導推動一項新的合作機制——非洲投資與增長合作夥伴項目，中國貿促會是其中重要的夥伴。
MoUs with China Council for Promotion of Investment and Trade (CCPIT): EIC has signed a number of MoUs with the central and provincial level CCPIT officials, for cooperation in investment promotion and facilitation activities. EIC is also hosting in its premises a project known as Partnership for Investment and Growth in Africa (PIGA), in which the CCPIT is one of the implementing partners.
與中國紡織工業聯合會籤署的諒解備忘錄： 此項備忘錄於2016年籤署，旨在吸引中國投資衣索比亞的紡織和服飾行業。
MoU with China National Textile and Apparel Council (CNTAC): This MoU was signed in 2016 to cooperate with CNTAC to promote Chinese investment into textile and apparel sector of Ethiopia.
與廣東省政府籤署的諒解備忘錄：此項備忘錄於2017年籤署，主要是為了促進廣東對衣索比亞建築材料、製鞋、皮革和家具等行業的投資。
MoU with Guangdong Provincial Government: This MoU was signed in 2017 with Gungdong provincial government to facilitate and support investment from the province, mainly in building materials, footwear, leather products, and furniture.