被動語態通常為十種時態的被動形式, 被動語態由be＋過去分詞構成，be隨時態的變化而變化。以do為例，各種時態的被動語態形式為：
1) am/is/are +done (過去分詞) 一般現在時
例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2） has /have been done 現在完成時
例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.
3） am/is /are being done 現在進行時
例A new cinema is being built here．
4） was/were done 一般過去時
例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
5） had been done 過去完成時
例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.
6） was/were being done 過去進行時
例A meeting was being held when I was there.
7） shall/will be done 一般將來時
例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
8） should/would be done 過去將來時
例The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
9） shall/will have been done 將來完成時（少用）
例The project will have been completed before July.
10） should/would have been done 過去將來完成時（少用）
例He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.
2. 被動語態的特殊結構形式
1)帶情態動詞的被動結構。其形式為：情態動詞＋be＋過去分詞。
例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用於被動結構時，可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變為主語，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語後面。通常變為主語的是間接賓語。
例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改為 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3) 當「動詞+賓語+賓語補足語」結構變為被動語態時，將賓語變為被動結構中的主語，其餘不動。
例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4）在使役動詞have, make, get以及感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等後面不定式作賓語補語時，在主動結構中不定式to要省略，但變為被動結構時，要加to。
例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相當於及物動詞的動詞詞組，如「動詞＋介詞」，「動詞＋副詞」等，也可以用於被動結構，但要把它們看作一個整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。
例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
3. 非謂語動詞的被動語態
v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被動語態(一般時態和完成時態) 。
例I don't like being laughed at in the public.
二、 如何使用被動語態
學習被動語態時，不僅要知道被動語態的各種語法結構，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動語態。
1. 講話者不知道動作的執行者或不必說出動作的執行者 (這時可省 by 短語)。
例 My bike was stolen last night.
2. 藉助被動的動作突出動作的執行者。
例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
3. 為了更好地安排句子。
例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一個主語就夠了）
三、 It is said that+從句及其他類似句型
一些表示「據說」或「相信」的動詞如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用於句型「It＋be＋過去分詞＋that從句」或「主語＋be＋過去分詞＋to do sth.」。有：
It is said that… 據說,It is reported that…據報導，It is believed that…大家相信，It is hoped that…大家希望，It is well known that…眾所周知，It is thought that…大家認為，It is suggested that…據建議。
例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）
四、謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動意義
1.英語中有很多動詞如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特徵時，常用其主動形式 表達被動意義,主語通常是物。
例 This kind of cloth washes well.
注意：主動語態表被動強調的是主語的特徵，而被動語態則強調外界作用造成的影響。
試比較：The door won't lock． （指門本身有毛病）
The door won't be locked． （指不會有人來鎖門, 指「門沒有鎖」是人的原因）
2. 表示「發生、進行」的不及物動詞和短語，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動形式表示被動意義。
例 How do the newspapers come out? 這些報紙是如何引出來的呢？
3. 系動詞沒有被動形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的連繫動詞feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表結構中常以主動形式表示被動意義。
例Your reason sounds reasonable.
五、非謂語動詞的主動形式表被動意義
在某些句型中可用動名詞和不定式的主動形式表被動意義 。
1． 在need，want，require, bear等詞的後面，動名詞用主動形式表示被動意義，其含義相當於動詞不定式的被動形式。
例The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．這房子需要修理。
2． 形容詞worth後面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義，但不能跟動詞不定式；而worthy後面跟動詞不定式的被動形式。
例The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）
3. 動詞不定式在名詞後面作定語，不定式和名詞之間有動賓關係時，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構成主謂關係, 不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。
例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon． (to do與things是動賓關係，與I是主謂關係。)
試比較：I』ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此處用不定式的被動語態作定語表明you不是post動作的執行者。)
4. 在某些「形容詞＋不定式」做表語或賓語補足語的結構中，句子的主語或賓語又是動詞不定式的邏輯賓語時，這時常用不定式的主動形式表達被動意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.
5． 在too… to…結構中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語，所以應用主動形式表示被動意義。
例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6. 在there be…句型中，當動詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時，不定式用主動式作定語，重點在人，用被動形式作定語，重點在物。
例There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，誰 lost time不明確。）
7. 在be to do結構中的一些不定式通常應用主動表主動, 被動表被動。然而,由於古英語的影響,下列動詞rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。
例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?
六、介詞in, on, under等+名詞構成介詞短語表被動意義
表示方位的介詞與含動作意義的名詞合用，含被動之義，其意義相當於該名詞相應動詞的被動形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞。
1. 「under +名詞」結構，表示「某事在進行中」。常見的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治療中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在討論中）, under construction（在施工中）。
例The building is under construction( is being constructed).
2．「beyond+名詞」結構，「出乎……勝過……、範圍、限度」。常見的有：beyond belief (令人難以置信)， beyond one’s reach（鞭長莫及），beyond one’s control（無法控制），beyond our hope． 我們的成功始料不及。
例The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．
3.「above+名詞」結構, 表示「(品質、行為、能力等) 超過……、高於……」。
例His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．
4．「for+名
詞」結構，表示 「適於……、 為著……」。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。
例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).
5．「in+名詞」結構 ，表示「在……過程中或範圍內」常見的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在視野範圍內)，等。
例The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)
6．「on+名詞」結構, 表示「在從事…… 中」。常見的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受審）。
例Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).
7．「out of+名詞」結構 ； 表示 「超出…… 之外「，常見的有：out of control (控制不了)，out of sight （超出視線之外），out of one’s reach(夠不著), out of fashion(不流行)等。
例 The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled)． 。
8．「within+名詞」結構，「在……內、不超過……」。
例He took two days off within the teacher's permission．
七、被動語態與系表結構的區別
當「be+過去分詞」作被動語態時表示主語承受的動作；作系表結構時表示主語的特點或所處的狀態時，be後面的過去分詞是表語，相當於形容詞。其區分辦法如下：
1．如果強調動作或句中有介詞by引導出動作的執行者，該句一般為被動語態，否則為系表結構。
例The glass is broken． （系表結構）
The glass was broken by the boy． （被動語態）
2．如果句中有地點、頻率或時間狀語時，一般為被動語態。
例The door is locked． （系表結構）
The door hasalready/just been locked．（被動語態）
3．被動語態除用於一般時態和完成時態外，還可以用於其他各種時態，而系表結構中的系動詞be只有一般時態和完成時態。
例 The machine is being repaired．
八、被動語態與高考試題賞析
1． 高考對謂語動詞語態的考查例析
1). In some parts of the world, tea ___ with milk and sugar. (NMET1993)
A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served
解析 B 因為serve是及物動詞，其動作承受者tea作主語，表示經常發生的情況，故用一般現在時的被動語態。
2). This is Ted’s phone. We miss him a lot. He ___ trying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET2002)
A. killed B. is killed
C. was killed D. was killing
解析 C Ted是kill的承受者，用被動語態，且Ted救人發生在過去，所以用一般過去時的被動語態。
3). ---- Have you moved into the new house?
---- Not yet, the rooms _____. (NMET1991) A. are being painted B. are painting
C. are painted D. are being painting
解析 A 「house」和「paint」應該是被動的關係，排除B，D。後者未搬進新居的原因是房子正在油漆，所以要用現在進行時的被動語態。不能用一般現在時表示習慣性動作，排除C。
4). When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ___ yet. （上海春2003）
A. are not decided B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided D. has not been decided
解析 D decide是及物動詞，動作的發出者通常是人，句中的主語是動作的承受者，所以decide要用被動語態。從題幹的語境和關鍵詞yet，可判斷用現在完成時，不定式做主語用單數，故用現在完成時的被動語態。
5). The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets ___.（上海春2001）
A. was booked B. had been booked
C. were booked D. have been booked
解析 B 句中tickets是book(訂票)的承受者，主謂為被動關係，又因票已被訂出應發生在entered the office這個過去動作之前，所以要用過去完成時的被動語態。
2．高考對非謂語動詞語態的考查
當非謂語動詞的邏輯主語為動作的承受者時, 須用被動式。弄清非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語之間的執行與承受關係是掌握非謂語動詞語態的關鍵。
1). Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ___ whether they will enjoy it. (NMET2002)
A. to see B. to be seen
C. seeing D. seen
解析 B 根據題意，那對老夫婦是否到國外旅行是將來的動作，應使用不定式，故排除掉C、D兩項；又因remains的邏輯主語it是動詞see說表示動作的承受者，即「到國外旅行」這件事，這件事有待於「被決定」，應使用動詞不定式的被動形式。
2). While shopping, people sometimes can’t help ___ into buying something they don’t really need. （上海1996）
A. to persuaded B. persuading
C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
解析 C can’t help doing 「禁不住做某事」，排除A和D；顧客應是「被勸說」購物的，要用動名詞的被動語態。
3）. I feel it is your husband who ___ for the spoiled child. （上海2002）
A. is to blame B. is going to blame
C. is to be blamed D. should blame
解析 A feel的賓語從句為強調句型，在be to do結構中，在某些場合可用不定式的主動語態表示被動語態，如to blame， to let等。
【強化訓練】
1. If city noises ____ from increasing，people ____ shout to be heard even at dinner．
A． are not kept；will have to
B． are not kept；have
C． do not keep；will have to
D． do not keep；have to
2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are ____and perfected now.
A. developed
B. have developed
C. are being developed
D. will have been developed
3. --- ____ the sports meet might be put off．
--- Yes，it all depends on the weather．
A． I've been told B． I've told
C． I'm told D． I told
4. I need one more stamp before my collection ___.
A. has completed B. completes
C. has been completed D. is completed
5. Rainforests ___ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.
A. cut B. are cut
C. are being cut D. had been cut
6. The new suspension bridge ___ by the end of last month.
A. has been designed
B. had been designed
C. was designed
D. would be designed
7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____.
A. breaks B. has broken
C. was broken D. had been broken
8. Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___.
A. have been taken place; have been set up
B. have taken place; have been set up
C. have taken place; have set up
D. were taken place; were set up
9. That suit __ over 60 dollars.
A. had costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost
10. --- Look! Everything here is under construction.
--- What’s the pretty small house that __ for?
A. is being built B. has been built
C. is built D. is building
11.--- Do you like the material?
--- Yes, it ___ very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt
C. feels D. is felt
12. It is difficult for a foreigner ____ Chinese．
A． write B． to write
C． to be written D． written
13. I have no more letters ____ ，thank you．
A． to type B． typing
C． to be typed D． typed
14. Take care! Don’t drop the ink on your shirt, for it __ easily.
A. won’t wash out B. won’t be washed out
C. isn’t washed out D. isn’t washing out
15. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ___.
A. be put up B. give in
C. be turned on D. go out
16. The computers on the table ___ Professor Smith.
A. belongs B. are belonged to
C. belongs to D. belong to
17. --- What do you think of the book?
---Oh, excellent. It’s worth ___ a second time.
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
18. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed ___. A. catching B. to be caught
C. being caught D. to catch
19. This page needed ___ again.
A. being checked B. checked
C. to check D. to be checked
20. ___ many times, the boy still didn’t know how to do the exercises
A. Having taught B. Having been taught
C. taught D. Teaching
key 1--5 ACADC 6--10 BCBDA
11--15 CBCAD 16--20 DCCDB
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