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這一講我們一起來看一下語法在四級英語中的考查特點和應對策略。
英語是一個重結構的語言，要求句子必須符合句法結構的要求。用來規定句法結構的一些原則也就是我們常說的語法。英語中的語法條文比較多，總的來說可分為兩大類，即詞法和句法。具體說來，有情態動詞的用法，形容詞和副詞的比較級用法，非謂語動詞的用法，時態和語態，定語從句，狀語從句，虛擬語氣，名詞性從句，倒裝，強調與並列，主謂一致等。經過統計，95年1月到2000年6月，僅詞彙和句法部分對語法的考查就有190題，佔52.8%，其中以非謂語動詞、虛擬語氣、時態/語態、狀語從句和定語從句考查最多。今天這一講我們重點講時態/語態、虛擬語氣和各種從句，下一講重點講非謂語動詞等。
一、時態和語態
英語中共有16個時態，最常用的是一般現在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現在和過去進行時、現在完成時、過去完成時。但從95年以來的考題統計來看，15個時態考題中將來完成最多，佔3題，時態考查的次序依次為將來完成時--- 過去完成時 --- 現在完成進行時 --- 現在完成時 --- 一般將來 --- 一般過去。先看以下各題：
Test Yourself:
1) My train arrives in New York at eight o'clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there ___ by then.(1999.1)
A. would leave B. will have left C. has left D. had left
2) She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ____ too long.(2000.1)
A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. read
3) "May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?"(2000.6)
"I'm sorry. Mr. Williams ____ to a conference long before then."
A. will have gone B. had gone C. would have gone D. has gone
4) Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _____today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.(1997.1)
A. are to challenge B. may be challenged C. have been challenged D. are challenged
5) Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it ____ necessary for all planes to land for refueling. (1996.6)
A. would be B. has been C. had been D. would have been
6) He came back late, ____ which time all the guest had already left.(1999.6)
A. after B. by C. at D. during
7) Until then, his family ______from him for six months. (1997.1)
A. didn't hear B. hasn't been hearing C. hasn't heard D. hadn't heard
Explanation and Expansion
A：參考答案：1）B 2）A 3）A 4）C 5）C 6）B 7）D
B：評析：
1) 以上各題都與完成時有關，完成時態用來表示到某一個時間為止已經完成的動作或某個狀態/動作一直持續到某個時間。如果時間為過去，則用過去完成時，即表示過去的過去，如5）和7）。
2) 如果表示到將來某個時間為止已經完成的動作，則用將來完成時，如1）和3），再如：