整個2月，新冠肺炎疫情持續在中國傳播，上億中國人民開始了「宅在家」的生活。在疫情的中心，湖北武漢，火神山、雷神山醫院相繼開始收治病人，隨後又有多個方艙醫院建成投入使用。醫務人員夜以繼日奮戰在抗疫第一線，而為了保證普通民眾的日常生活，各類電商開始發力，快遞員成為了另一條「生命線」。這個月，我們的熱詞彙總基本都與新冠肺炎疫情相關。
火神山醫院 Huoshenshan Hospital
Huoshenshan (Fire God Mountain) Hospital was delivered Sunday in Wuhan. It is dedicated to treating patients infected with the novel coronavirus.武漢火神山醫院於2月2日交付，將專門用於治療新型冠狀病毒感染患者。
A total of 1,400 medical staff from the armed forces are tasked with treating patients in Huoshenshan Hospital starting from Monday. The medics consist of 950 people from hospitals affiliated to the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Joint Logistic Support Force, and 450 from medical universities of the army, navy and air force of the PLA who were sent to Wuhan earlier.軍隊抽組1400名醫護人員於2月3日起承擔武漢火神山新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎專科醫院醫療救治任務。此次抽組的醫療力量來自全軍不同的醫療單位，其中，聯勤保障部隊所屬醫院抽組950人，先期抵達的陸軍軍醫大學、海軍軍醫大學、空軍軍醫大學450人納入統一編組。
為救治新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎患者，解決現有醫療資源不足的問題，武漢決定興建火神山醫院，建築面積34000平方米，可容納1000張床位。
The new facility will ease the shortage of beds in the city resulting from an increasing number of patients infected with the novel coronavirus.新醫院將緩解武漢因感染新型冠狀病毒患者不斷增加而導致的床位短缺問題。
作為一所傳染病醫院，大到房間的結構布局，小到一個下水管道，在各項防護措施方面，近乎苛刻。而充分借鑑小湯山醫院，讓火神山醫院的設計與建設「站在巨人的肩膀上」。
——分區嚴格隔離（different sections are strictly separated）。通過設置清潔區（cleaning section）、半汙染區（partially contaminated section）、汙染區（contaminated section）及醫護人員專用通道和病人專用通道（separate routes for medical staff and patients）的布置方式，嚴格避免交叉感染（cross infection）。醫療區與生活區同樣嚴格隔離。醫護人員進出病區設置包括風淋在內的專用衛生通過設施，最大限度地保護醫護人員的健康安全。
——病房帶上「口罩」（every ward is technically masked）。離地面架空30釐米的每間病房，放置兩張病床，均設有獨立的衛生間。兩扇窗戶和通道組成的專用隔離防護窗，用於藥品和食品的傳遞。醫院絕大部分房間都是負壓房間（most of the rooms in the hospital are under negative pressure），房間內的壓力比外面低，如同給病房帶上「口罩」，避免病毒隨著氣流產生交叉感染。
——汙染集中處理（all contaminated resources go through high-standard disinfection）。醫院鋪設了5萬平方米的防滲膜，覆蓋整個院區，確保汙染物不會滲透到土壤水體中，同時醫院安裝了雨水、汙水處理系統，經過兩次氯氣消毒處理，達標後才可排放。所有房間排風均經過消毒殺菌及高效過濾達標後，才高空排放。
A second special hospital for the treatment of the novel coronavirus — Leishenshan Hospital — is under construction in Wuhan. It is expected to be completed on Wednesday and start receiving patients the following day.另一座新型冠狀病毒治療醫院——雷神山醫院也正在武漢施工建設，該醫院有望在2月5日完工，並於次日開始接診。
方艙醫院 mobile cabin hospital
Wuhan will make use of the city's sports stadium and two convention centers, and renovate them into three mobile cabin hospitals to offer a total of 3,400 beds to treat novel coronavirus infected patients with mild symptoms.武漢將把該市的一處體育館和兩個會展中心改建成三所「方艙醫院」，以收治新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎輕症患者為主，將提供3400張醫療床位。
【知識點】
「方艙醫院」（mobile cabin hospitals）是解放軍野戰機動醫療系統的一種（part of mobile field medical system of the PLA），在各種應急救治中也有廣泛使用。「方艙醫院」一般由醫療功能單元（medical treatment）、病房單元（ward）、技術保障單元（technical support）等部分構成，是一種模塊化衛生裝備，具有緊急救治（emergency treatment）、外科處置（surgical treatment）、臨床檢驗（clinical tests）等多方面功能。
這三處「方艙醫院」位於洪山體育館（800張床位）、武漢客廳（2000張床位）、武漢國際會展中心（1000張床位）。
Medical staff will be dispatched to the three hospitals to take care of patients who test positive for the virus — but show no severe symptoms — as soon as they are completed. Once a patient's symptoms worsen, he or she will be transferred to Jinyintan Hospital, one of the city's designated hospitals to admit patients infected with the new virus, in a timely manner.上述醫院建成後將派醫護人員前往，照顧感染了新型冠狀病毒、但症狀不嚴重的患者。一旦患者病情惡化，將及時被轉入定點醫院金銀潭醫院。
病死率 fatality rate
2月4日下午，國家衛生健康委舉行新聞發布會，介紹了新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎重症患者的醫療救治情況。
The current case fatality rate (CFR) of the novel coronavirus infection on the Chinese mainland has dropped to 2.1 percent, Chinese health authorities said Tuesday.國家衛健委表示，全國新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎患者病死率已降至2.1%。
The CFR remained stable after an initial 2.3 percent recorded at the beginning of the outbreak, said Jiao Yahui with the National Health Commission at a daily press briefing on the epidemic.國家衛健委醫政醫管局副局長焦雅輝在發布會上表示，全國的病死率在疫情初期的時候是2.3%，目前基本上是穩定的。
【知識點】
病死率（case fatality rate，CFR）指一段時間內患有某個病症的所有患者中，因該病死亡人數所佔的比例。病死率的計算方式就是，用該病患者死亡人數除以該病所有患者人數。
與之相關的還有一個概念就是，發病率（incidence rate），指特定人群在一定時間內發生某個病症新病例的頻率。
The CFR in Hubei province was 3.1 percent, as the majority of the deaths occurred in the province, which saw a death toll of 414, over 97 percent of the total.死亡患者主要集中在湖北省，累計414人，佔全國97%，湖北省確診病例的病死率為3.1%。
In Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei, the CFR stood at 4.9 percent and the death toll was 313, accounting for 74 percent of the national total.武漢市的死亡人數是313人，佔全國死亡的74%，武漢確診病例病死率是4.9%。
2月4日下午，國家衛生健康委舉行新聞發布會，介紹了新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎重症患者的醫療救治情況。
The current case fatality rate (CFR) of the novel coronavirus infection on the Chinese mainland has dropped to 2.1 percent, Chinese health authorities said Tuesday.國家衛健委表示，全國新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎患者病死率已降至2.1%。
The CFR remained stable after an initial 2.3 percent recorded at the beginning of the outbreak, said Jiao Yahui with the National Health Commission at a daily press briefing on the epidemic.國家衛健委醫政醫管局副局長焦雅輝在發布會上表示，全國的病死率在疫情初期的時候是2.3%，目前基本上是穩定的。
【知識點】
病死率（case fatality rate，CFR）指一段時間內患有某個病症的所有患者中，因該病死亡人數所佔的比例。病死率的計算方式就是，用該病患者死亡人數除以該病所有患者人數。
與之相關的還有一個概念就是，發病率（incidence rate），指特定人群在一定時間內發生某個病症新病例的頻率。
The CFR in Hubei province was 3.1 percent, as the majority of the deaths occurred in the province, which saw a death toll of 414, over 97 percent of the total.死亡患者主要集中在湖北省，累計414人，佔全國97%，湖北省確診病例的病死率為3.1%。
In Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei, the CFR stood at 4.9 percent and the death toll was 313, accounting for 74 percent of the national total.武漢市的死亡人數是313人，佔全國死亡的74%，武漢確診病例病死率是4.9%。
The fatality rate outside Hubei was only 0.16 percent.如果除掉湖北省，其他省份的病死率是0.16%。
More than 80 percent of the deaths were elderly people over 60 years old, and over 75 percent had at least one underlying disease such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and tumors.死亡患者以高齡為主，80%以上都是60歲以上的老年人，75%以上有一種以上的基礎疾病，如心血管病、糖尿病以及腫瘤等。
中央一號文件 No. 1 central document
21世紀以來第17個指導「三農」工作的中央一號文件2月5日發布。
This year the document urged efforts on two main tasks -- winning the battle against poverty and strengthening areas of weakness concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers, as the country strives to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects this year.文件指出，2020年是全面建成小康社會目標實現之年，有兩個重點任務要完成：打贏脫貧攻堅戰，補上三農」領域突出短板。
【知識點】
中央一號文件（No. 1 central document）指中共中央每年發布的第一份文件（the first policy statement released by central authorities each year）。中共中央在2004年至2020年連續十七年發布以「三農」（農業、農村、農民）為主題的中央一號文件，強調了「三農」問題（issues relating to agriculture, rural areas and farmers）在中國社會主義現代化時期「重中之重」的地位。
這份文件題為《中共中央 國務院關於抓好「三農」領域重點工作確保如期實現全面小康的意見》，全文共5個部分，包括：堅決打贏脫貧攻堅戰（win the battle against poverty）；對標全面建成小康社會加快補上農村基礎設施和公共服務短板（improve infrastructure and public services in rural areas）；保障重要農產品有效供給和促進農民持續增收（ensure supplies of important agricultural products, promote the increases in farmers' incomes）；加強農村基層治理（strengthen grassroots governance in rural areas）；強化農村補短板保障措施（improve rural weak links）。
具體要點如下：
China has made decisive achievements in poverty relief and vowed to fully realize poverty elimination targets this year. In doing so, the country will increase support for areas in deep poverty by adding poverty alleviation funds, the document said.脫貧攻堅已經取得決定性成就，現在到了攻城拔寨、全面收官的階段。各級財政要繼續增加專項扶貧資金，中央財政新增部分主要用於深度貧困地區。
Efforts should also be made to provide institutional guarantees to prevent people from returning to poverty after being lifted out of it in a bid to consolidate poverty relief results.為鞏固脫貧成果提供制度保障，防止返貧。
The document noted that the country should keep the poverty alleviation policies on stable footing.保持脫貧攻堅政策總體穩定。
China will see an immense change after it accomplishes its poverty elimination tasks, it said, urging that poverty reduction work should center more on addressing relative poverty and become normalized.脫貧攻堅任務完成後，我國貧困狀況將發生重大變化，扶貧工作重心轉向解決相對貧困，扶貧工作方式由集中作戰調整為常態推進。
The country should establish long-term mechanisms and strengthen the "top-level design" to tackle relative poverty while accelerating its pace to introduce the guideline, connecting poverty alleviation efforts with rural vitalization strategies.要研究建立解決相對貧困的長效機制，加強解決相對貧困問題頂層設計，抓緊研究制定脫貧攻堅與實施鄉村振興戰略有機銜接的意見。
Areas of weakness in rural work such as infrastructure and public services should be improved, while efforts should be made to ensure safe drinking water and strengthen rural environmental protection, said the document.加快補上農村基礎設施和公共服務短板，提高農村供水保障水平，紮實搞好農村人居環境整治。
Rural education will be further improved by strengthening the building of boarding schools in townships and increasing supplies of inclusive preschool education resources through multiple channels, it said.加強鄉鎮寄宿制學校建設，多渠道增加普惠性學前教育資源供給。
The document also noted that the country will beef up efforts on improving medical and health services in rural areas.加強農村基層醫療衛生服務。
As food security is a top priority, China will secure supplies of important agricultural products and maintain the stability of grain planting areas and output this year.確保糧食安全始終是治國理政的頭等大事。保障重要農產品有效供給，糧食播種面積和產量要保持基本穩定。
China will work to return hog production capacity to normal levels by the end of 2020, support the production of dairy and poultry products and guide the optimization of meat consumption structure, according to the document.要採取綜合性措施，確保2020年年底前生豬產能基本恢復到接近正常年份水平。支持奶業、禽類等生產，引導優化肉類消費結構。
The document called for the integrated industrial development in rural areas propelled by a whole industry chain based on local resources and advantages, along with industrial clusters with a competitive edge.支持各地立足資源優勢打造各具特色的農業全產業鏈，形成有競爭力的產業集群。
Agricultural structures should be optimized to feature more high-quality agricultural products and better certification of healthy food, organic produce and source of production, while e-commerce penetration in rural areas and oversight of food and produce should be enhanced.繼續調整優化農業結構，加強綠色食品、有機農產品、地理標誌農產品認證和管理，擴大電子商務進農村覆蓋面，建立健全農產品和食品追溯體系。
It also urged the stable employment of migrant workers among efforts to protect their wages.穩定農民工就業。
Governance and the leadership of the Communist Party of China in rural communities should be strengthened, it said.加強農村基層黨組織治理和領導能力。
The document also vowed more investments into rural work, encouraging the issuance of local government special bonds to boost rural vitalization as well as monetary, fiscal and policy support for rural work.加大中央和地方財政「三農」投入力度，各地應有序擴大用於支持鄉村振興的專項債券發行規模，強化對「三農」信貸的貨幣、財稅、監管政策正向激勵。
New agricultural entities such as qualified family farms are eligible to enjoy preferential credit and tax policies, it said.符合條件的家庭農場等新型農業經營主體可按規定享受現行小微企業相關貸款稅收減免政策。
The country will steadily expand pilot reforms of inclusive finance in rural areas and advance the listing of futures and options related to agricultural products.穩妥擴大農村普惠金融改革試點，繼續推進農產品期貨期權品種上市。
Land for the development of rural industries should be guaranteed, it said.保障鄉村產業發展用地。
The document also stressed efforts to encourage rural migrant workers, college graduates, veterans and entrepreneurs to start businesses in rural areas and support the application of more technological achievements in rural areas.暢通各類人才下鄉渠道，支持大學生、退役軍人、企業家等到農村幹事創業。強化科技支撐作用。
The country vowed to step up breakthroughs in key agricultural core technologies and develop heavy smart agricultural machinery. Meanwhile, the building of agricultural innovation platforms such as science and technology centers should be strengthened.加強農業關鍵核心技術攻關，加快大中型、智能化、複合型農業機械研發和應用。加強農業產業科技創新中心建設。
The document also stressed key reforms in rural area. The country will improve the basic rural operation system, advance reform of the rural land system and make specific policies on extending the current round of rural land contracts for another 30 years upon expiration based on trials.抓好農村重點改革任務。完善農村基本經營制度，開展第二輪土地承包到期後再延長30年試點，在試點基礎上研究制定延包的具體辦法。
China will press ahead with pilot reforms of the rural collective property rights system nationwide, the document said.全面推開農村集體產權制度改革試點。
The document urged the deepening of reform in agricultural administration to perfect the law enforcement system and improve law enforcement capabilities.深化農業綜合行政執法改革，完善執法體系，提高執法能力。
Policies should fit local conditions and farmers' wishes, the document noted, stressing that officials should avoid formalism and bureaucracy in policy implementation.堅持從農村實際出發，因地制宜，尊重農民意願，力戒形式主義、官僚主義。
交叉感染 cross infection
交通運輸部運輸服務司副司長蔡團結2月6日在國務院聯防聯控機制新聞發布會上說，針對返程大客流，交通運輸部有針對性地研究相關保障方案，堅決防止疫情通過交通運輸工具傳播，降低客流輸入地區的輸入性風險。
To contain virus infections during the trips, railways, airports and other public transportation operators have intensified disinfection, ventilation and sanitation of vehicles and stations.為了防止病毒傳播，鐵路、民航以及其他交通運輸部門均加強了交通運輸工具和場站的消毒、通風和衛生清潔。
Passengers will go through body temperature screening at both entrances and exits of operating public transportation stations across the country. People found to have caught a fever above 37.3 degrees Celsius will be transferred to health departments.乘客進出客運場站均需測溫，如果發現有乘客體溫超過37.3度，第一時間移交衛生健康部門。
Meanwhile, steps have been taken to make sure vehicles are not fully booked to allow a safe distance between passengers, Cai said, adding that temporary isolation areas had been set in the vehicles to avoid cross-infections in case of emergency during the journey.同時，控制交通運輸工具客座率，確保乘客之間有一定安全距離，此外，預留一部分空間作為突發情況時的暫時隔離區域。
【知識點】
這裡的「客座率」在英語中有一個專門的表述passenger load factor（PLF），是交通運輸工具全程座位使用情況的一個測算指標，指特定時間段內，購票乘客數在某個交通運輸工具全部可用座位總數中所佔的比例。
鐵路部門在售票源頭上加強管控，控制旅客列車的客座率，近幾天售票會把旅客列車的客座率控制在50%左右（make sure that train passenger load factor is around 50%），並實行分散售票，列車工作人員在旅客上車以後會引導大家分散就座。
此外，北京地鐵非配合式熱成像體溫測試系統布設車站已增至35座。
Compared with hand-held instruments, the thermal imaging system can automatically measure passengers' temperature, improving passenger flow at subway stations.與手持型測溫設備相比，熱成像系統能夠自動檢測乘客體溫，縮短地鐵站乘客等待時間。
The thermal imaging system can issue an alert when detecting passengers with abnormal body temperatures and monitor the temperatures continuously, according to Beijing Mass Transit Railway Operation Corporation Ltd.據北京地鐵運營有限公司介紹，熱成像系統發現體溫異常的乘客後，會對其體溫持續進行監測。
氣溶膠傳播 aerosol transmission
The novel coronavirus normally does not suspend or float in the air for long, and currently no evidence has shown that the new virus can be transmitted through aerosol, Feng Luzhao, a researcher of infectious diseases with the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said at the press conference.中國疾病預防控制中心傳染病預防控制處研究員馮錄召表示，新型冠狀病毒一般不會在空氣長期漂浮，目前沒有證據顯示新型冠狀病毒通過氣溶膠傳播。
【知識點】
氣溶膠傳播（aerosol transmission，aerosol讀作['er.sɑl]），是指飛沫在空氣懸浮過程中失去水分而剩下的蛋白質（protein）和病原體（pathogen）組成的核，形成飛沫核（droplet nuclei），可以通過氣溶膠的形式漂浮至遠處，造成遠距離的傳播（float for a long distance and spread the virus）。
Currently, the virus is mainly transmitted via respiratory droplets and contact, said Feng, adding that the virus is normally transmitted within a range of one to two meters.馮錄召說，新型冠狀病毒主要通過呼吸道飛沫傳播和接觸傳播，而飛沫傳播距離很短，一般1至2米。
He suggested the public to open windows to help with ventilation at least twice a day, which is effective to lower the risks of getting infected.他建議每天至少兩次開窗通風，這是降低感染風險的有效措施。
他表示，在一般的工作生活條件下，採取正確佩戴口罩的飛沫傳播防護措施，是足以滿足保護普通公眾不被感染的（wearing a mask correctly is enough to protect the general public from the virus）。
農產品附著病毒機率很低
馮錄召表示，病毒通過飛沫、直接接觸等方式汙染到蔬菜、肉和水果的機率很低。
He suggested that raw vegetables, meats and fruits should be washed with running water, in the meantime, people should only eat cooked vegetables and meats and fruits without peels.他建議，蔬菜、肉、水果買回家後需先用流水清洗。蔬菜、肉類不要生食，需炒熟吃，水果儘量削皮。
The virus would die in 30 minutes at a temperature of 56 degrees Celsius, Feng said, adding that cooking temperatures usually reach 100 degrees Celsius or even higher.馮錄召說，病毒在溫度56℃狀態下，30分鐘內就能被殺死，而炒菜等溫度能達到100℃甚至更高。
Feng urged people to wash their hands more frequently, especially after dealing with these agricultural products. He also advised people to use different kitchen wares, like cutting boards and knives, for raw and cooked food, respectively.處理蔬菜、肉類、水果後要及時洗手。處理生食和熟食的切菜板及刀具要分開。
假陰性 false nagetive results
Reports that nucleic acid tests have returned false-negative results for people infected with the novel coronavirus have prompted medical workers to deploy multiple measures to identify infections and implement rigorous isolation measures amid the viral epidemic.一些新型冠狀病毒感染者的核酸檢測結果出現「假陰性」，這類報告促使醫護人員採取多重措施確診感染者，並採取更加嚴格的隔離措施來防控疫情。
據《新京報》報導，一位武漢來京的發熱肺炎患者2月5日在中日醫院呼吸四部確診為新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎。
An infected patient in Beijing tested negative three times for the virus through routine throat swab nucleic acid tests. The case was eventually confirmed by extracting samples from the lower respiratory tract — a more intrusive procedure.此例患者入院前三次咽拭子新冠病毒核酸檢測均為陰性，入院後從下呼吸道提取樣本檢測才發現新冠病毒核酸陽性。
公開資料顯示，除中日醫院這名「假陰性」患者外，浙江、寧夏、福建、天津已出現多例核酸檢測「假陰性」病例。
針對這一情況，2月9日，國務院聯防聯控機制新聞發布會稱，任何病毒的核酸檢測結果都不可能是100%陽性，對新冠病毒的核酸檢測也不例外，「假陰性」在所難免。
Gao Zhancheng, head of the respiratory and critical care department at Peking University's People's Hospital, said a range of factors will impact the accuracy of nucleic acid testing, including the severity of symptoms, the illness' development, the extraction method and the circumstances at laboratories.北京大學人民醫院呼吸與危重症醫學科主任高佔成說，核酸檢測結果也受患者病情輕重、疾病不同階段、取樣方式方法、實驗室檢測條件影響。
"Nucleic acid testing targeting other viruses also cannot ensure full accuracy. However, such testing remains an irreplaceable way to confirm infection," he told a news conference held by the State Council's Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism on Sunday.「任何病毒的核酸檢測結果都不可能是100%陽性，但對於確診新冠肺炎，核酸檢測是不可或缺的手段。」高佔成在9日的國務院聯防聯控機制新聞發布會上說。
"Under the current treatment guideline, suspected cases who have tested negative for the virus once are also required to be quarantined at designated facilities for strict observation."「初次檢測陰性的疑似患者，按照現行國家衛健委診療方案要求，還需在定點醫院隔離觀察。」
對於假陰性是否會導致漏診的問題，專家們表示，不必過分擔心，病例的確診和排除，除了核酸檢測，還將結合流行病學史（ epidemiological records）、臨床症狀（clinical symptoms）、CT影像（ CT scan imaging）等判斷。
新冠肺炎 COVID-19
2月11日，世界衛生組織總幹事譚德塞宣布，將新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎命名為「COVID-19」。
"We now have a name for the disease and it's COVID-19," WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus told reporters in Geneva.在日內瓦，世界衛生組織總幹事譚德塞對記者表示：「我們將這個疾病命名為COVID-19。」
這個名字COVID-19來源於corona（冠狀）、virus（病毒）以及disease（疾病）三個詞，而19則代表這個疾病出現的年份2019年。新冠肺炎疫情是在2019年12月31日上報至世界衛生組織的。
譚德塞指出：
"We had to find a name that did not refer to a geographical location, an animal, an individual or group of people, and which is also pronounceable and related to the disease," the WHO chief said.我們要取的名字不能指向某個地理位置、某個動物、某個人或群體，同時這個名字要易讀，且與該疾病相關。
"Having a name matters to prevent the use of other names that can be inaccurate or stigmatizing. It also gives us a standard format to use for any future coronavirus outbreaks."正式命名可以阻止其他不準確或者汙名化名稱的使用，同時，也讓我們在今後的冠狀病毒疫情命名時有標準可循。
新型冠狀病毒名稱為SARS-CoV-2
The virus itself has been designated SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.新型冠狀病毒的名稱則由國際病毒分類委員會指定為SARS-CoV-2。
冠狀病毒（coronavirus）是一個病毒大家族，其中包括引起普通感冒的病毒，以及曾經造成重大疫情的：
嚴重急性呼吸症候群（Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome，SARS）冠狀病毒；
中東呼吸症候群（Middle East Respiratory Syndrome，MERS）冠狀病毒。
此前，世界衛生組織建議使用的臨時名稱，英文叫「2019-nCoV」。2019指代病毒被發現的年份，後面的nCoV是「新型冠狀病毒」英文翻譯new/novel coronavirus的縮寫。
為什麼給病毒起名講究這麼多？
美國約翰斯·霍普金斯健康安全中心高級學者、助理教授克麗絲特爾·沃森（Crystal Watson, senior scholar and assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security）表示雖然當下焦點都放在了公共衛生應對上，不過病毒命名工作也值得優先處理。
"The naming of a new virus is often quite delayed and the focus until now has been on the public health response, which is understandable."「給新病毒的命名通常都會滯後許多，而且到目前為止，焦點都放在公共衛生應對上，這是可以理解的。」
"But there are reasons the naming should be a priority."「但是，病毒命名工作應該優先處理，是有原因的。」
她給出了幾點原因：
"The name it has now is not easy to use and the media and the public are using other names for the virus," says Dr Watson.「目前的病毒名稱用起來並不方便，而媒體和公眾都在使用病毒的別名。」
"The danger when you don't have an official name is that people start using terms like China Virus, and that can create a backlash against certain populations."「沒有正式名稱的危險在於，人們開始使用諸如『中國病毒』等表述，這會導致人們對部分特定人群產生強烈抵制。」
With social media, unofficial names take hold quickly and are hard to take back, she says.她說，非官方的名稱很容易在社交媒體上迅速流行起來，這很難撤回。
其實，給病毒起名不慎，早已有前車之鑑。
The H1N1 virus in 2009 was dubbed "swine flu". This led Egypt to slaughter all of its pigs, even though it was spread by people, not pigs.2009年的甲型H1N1流感病毒曾另被稱作「豬流感」，結果導致埃及屠宰了境內全部的豬。但其實這種流感病毒是由人傳播，而不是豬傳播。
正式名稱不合適也可能引發各種潛在問題。
世界衛生組織就曾在2015年批評過「中東呼吸症候群」 （MERS：Middle East Respiratory Syndrome）這一名稱。
命名中含有地區信息，這就可能招致不必要的地域歧視。畢竟病毒只是在這一地區偶然發現的，沒人能夠證明世界上其他地方就不存在該病毒。
世衛組織在一篇聲明中說道：
"We've seen certain disease names provoke a backlash against members of particular religious or ethnic communities, create unjustified barriers to travel, commerce and trade, and trigger needless slaughtering of food animals."「我們注意到某些疾病的名稱煽動起了對特定宗教或是族裔成員的抵制，對旅行、商業和貿易造成不正當的障礙，並且引發了對食用動物不必要的屠殺。」
2015年，世衛組織發布了命名新型人類傳染病的指導原則，要求名稱中不能包含以下信息：
◆ 地理位置geographical locations
◆ 人名people's names
◆ 動物或食物的名字the name of an animal or a kind of food
◆ 指向特定文化或行業references to a particular culture or industry
臨床診斷病例 clinically diagnosed cases
Hubei province reported 14,840 new cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia on Wednesday, compared to 1,638 new cases reported on Tuesday, according to the province’s health commission on Thursday morning.湖北省衛健委2月13日早晨發布的數據顯示，2月12日，該省新增新冠肺炎病例14840例，而2月11日，湖北省的新增病例為1638例。
通報顯示，湖北省新增新冠肺炎病例14840例(含臨床診斷病例13332例)。
什麼是臨床診斷病例（clinically diagnosed cases）？為什麼要新增臨床診斷病例？
In a statement released on Thursday morning, the commission said it now considers patients who are clinically diagnosed as having the novel coronavirus disease as confirmed patients when releasing the figures. Previously only patients testing positive for the virus were regarded as confirmed patients in Hubei.湖北省衛健委在通報中表示，湖北省將臨床診斷病例數納入確診病例數進行公布。此前，只有病毒檢測為陽性的患者才能被納入確診患者。
隨著對新型冠狀病毒肺炎認識的深入和診療經驗的積累，針對湖北省疫情特點，國家衛生健康委辦公廳、國家中醫藥管理局辦公室印發的《新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎診療方案（試行第五版）》在湖北省的病例診斷分類中增加了「臨床診斷」，以便患者能及早按照確診病例接受規範治療，進一步提高救治成功率。
中央指導組專家、北京朝陽醫院副院長童朝暉表示：
Revising the diagnosis standard can help doctors give a diagnosis for the disease. They can now give a diagnosis relying on a combination of factors, such as lung images, physical conditions and epidemiological history.修訂診斷標準有益於臨床醫生對疾病多一個判斷。在臨床工作中，我們從肺部影像、體徵以及流行病學史等方面綜合診斷。
糞便樣本 stool specimens
Researchers from multiple organizations, including the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease under Guangzhou Medical University, have successfully isolated a strain of virus from swab sample of an infected patient's feces, said Zhao Jincun, a member of Chinese respiratory expert Zhong Nanshan's research group, at a press conference Thursday.鍾南山院士團隊專家、呼吸疾病國家重點實驗室副主任趙金存教授介紹，廣州醫科大學呼吸疾病國家重點實驗室等多個研究機構的研究人員，從一例新冠肺炎患者的糞便拭子標本中分離到一株新型冠狀病毒。
The swab sample was provided by the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, said Zhao, also a professor with the laboratory.該樣本是由珠海中山大學附屬第五醫院提供的糞便拭子標本。
Meanwhile, a research team led by Li Lanjuan, a renowned Chinese epidemiologist, also isolated novel coronavirus strains from stool specimens of infected patients. Three of the five feces samples tested positive, according to Wu Nanping, deputy director of the State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University.我國知名病毒學家李蘭娟院士團隊近日也同樣從患者糞便樣本中分離到病毒。浙江大學傳染病診治國家重點實驗室副主任吳南屏教授介紹，研究人員從5份糞便樣本中分離到了3份新型冠狀病毒陽性。
趙金存表示，這個發現證實了排出的糞便的確存在活病毒，不過目前還沒有充分的證據說明存在糞口傳播（fecal-oral transmission）。
國家衛生健康委新聞發言人、宣傳司副司長米鋒表示：
Transmission through means of respiratory and contact remain the major routes of the novel coronavirus spreading. Despite digestive tract problems of some patients, either as incipient symptoms or complications, the main clinical symptoms of the disease are fever, general weakness and dry cough, Mi said, adding that the coronavirus isolated from patients' feces is not yet illustrative to prove the change of the transmission route.不管患者消化道症狀是初發症狀還是併發症狀，發熱、乏力、乾咳仍然是最重要的臨床表現。糞便中分離到病毒並不意味著該病主要傳播途徑發生變化，仍為呼吸道和接觸傳播為主。
Mi said that stomach and intestine symptoms, such as diarrhea, of some patients in the early stages, the positive test for the coronavirus nucleic acid in feces samples of patients and the isolated virus from patients' feces samples indicate the proliferation of the virus can happen in the digestive tract after infection.部分病例早期的症狀中有腹瀉等胃腸道的症狀，患者糞便的標本中核酸檢測陽性或分離到病毒，提示感染新冠病毒後，病毒在消化道內也可以增殖。
注意個人和家庭衛生
米鋒表示，戴好口罩和做好手衛生（wearing masks and keeping hands clean）是最重要、最有效的防護措施，堅持勤洗手、規範洗手和手消毒（washing hands more frequently, in the right way and disinfection of hands），可以從根本上減少感染風險。
吳南屏建議：大家注意公共衛生，多洗手、吃熟食，食物要洗淨燒透（make sure that food is thoroughly cleaned and well cooked），注意個人衛生及必要的汙水處理（sewage treatment）。
趙金存表示，提醒大家要更加重視個人和家庭的清潔，如便後洗手，注意下水道的通暢（make sure the plumbing system run smoothly），以避免有可能出現的糞便病毒的傳播。
血漿治療 plasma therapy
In the latest guideline over the diagnosis and treatment of the virus issued on Feb 5, the top health authorities said plasma of recovering patients could be employed to fight the disease.國家衛生健康委員會2月5日發布的《新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎診療方案(試行第五版)》，提出可採用恢復期患者的血漿治療新冠病毒。
業內專家指出，從臨床病理發生過程看，大部分新冠肺炎患者經過治療康復後，身體內會產生針對新冠病毒的特異性抗體（antibodies for the novel coronavirus），可殺滅和清除病毒。
2月8日，以新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎診療方案(試行第五版)為指南，首期在武漢市江夏區第一人民醫院開展了3名危重患者的新冠特免血漿治療，目前連同後續醫院治療的危重病人超過了10人。
Seven patients are receiving treatment using the therapy at Jiangxia First People's Hospital, in Wuhan's Jiangxia district, Liu Bende, vice-president of the hospital, said.武漢市江夏區第一人民醫院副院長劉本德表示，該醫院有7名患者正在接受恢復期血漿治療。
Twelve to 24 hours after the therapy, patients have seen a decline in indicators of inflammation and a hike in lymphocytes, among other favorable turns.患者接受治療12至24小時後，實驗室檢測主要炎症指標明顯下降，淋巴細胞比例上升，血氧飽和度、其他重點指標全面向好。
"Of the patients, those in serious condition have not deteriorated so far, while those in a milder condition have showed improvement," he said. "In general, we have not seen serious side effects or complications due to the therapy."他指出，接受該療法的患者中，重症患者情況沒有惡化，症狀較輕患者情況有改善。總體來說，沒有發現因血漿療法而產生嚴重的副作用或併發症。
2月13日，湖北省武漢金銀潭醫院院長張定宇在發布會上懇請康復後的患者捐獻血漿，共同拯救還在與病魔作鬥爭的病人。
那麼，符合哪些條件的恢復期患者的血漿，才會被採樣並使用？
上海市公共衛生臨床中心醫務部主任沈銀忠表示，
Cured patients have to meet certain criteria before donating plasma. "First, donors must be in good health… we won't collect their plasma forcefully," Shen said. "They must donate voluntarily."康復患者捐獻血漿要符合一些特定的要求，首先，捐獻者身體要健康，我們不可能強行去採他的血，患者要自願。
江夏區第一人民醫院副院長劉本德表示，
Plasma from patients with chronic diseases cannot be used, even if they have recovered from novel coronavirus pneumonia.患有慢性病的新冠肺炎康復患者捐獻的血漿也不能使用。
康復者治癒後多久可以捐獻？
金銀潭醫院院長張定宇表示，建議康復者在治癒兩周後參加捐獻（donate plasma two weeks after full recovery），這樣能保證他體內的病毒已經得到很好地清除。
野生動物違規交易 illegal trade of wild animals
國家林草局與國家市場監管總局、公安部、農業農村部、海關總署日前聯合開展打擊野生動物違規交易專項執法行動，取締和嚴厲打擊疫情期間野生動物違規交易行為。
Sites used to breed wild animals will be placed under strict isolation, and nearby warning signs are now required, according to an announcement by the five departments released on Friday.專項執法行動要求，嚴格隔離飼養繁育野生動物場所，場所周邊應當設置隔離警示標識。
Furthermore, trade or transportation of wild animals and related products are prohibited in both brick and mortar stores and e-commerce platforms. Exceptions are only made for fished aquatic products.專項執法行動指出，除捕撈水產品外，嚴禁各類實體店及電商平臺等經營場所開展任何形式的野生動物及製品交易和運輸活動。
The announcement said any store that breaks the law will be closed, and anybody illegally trading or transporting wild animals will receive heavier punishment in accordance with related laws and regulations.經營場所一律查封，違法從事出售、購買、利用、運輸、攜帶、寄遞野生動物及製品等交易活動的，依據相關法律法規予以從重處罰。
1月26日，為嚴防新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎疫情，阻斷可能的傳染源和傳播途徑，市場監管總局、農業農村部、國家林草局決定，即日起至全國疫情解除期間，禁止野生動物交易活動（impose a temporary ban on the trade of all wild animals across the country）。
In Yunnan province, 2,351 wild animal farms have been temporarily closed to the public, and all administrative approvals related to wild animals have been suspended.雲南省對2351家野生動物人工馴養繁育場所進行了封控管理，暫停野生動物相關行政審批。
By Feb 11, the Yunnan forestry security department had handled 186 cases of illegal wild animal trading with 20 suspects being held and 1,405 live animals caught.截至2月11日，雲南省森林公安局處理野生動物違法交易案件186起，抓獲嫌疑人20人，收繳野生動物活體1405頭（只）。
流行病學特徵 epidemiological characteristics
2月17日，中國疾病預防控制中心新型冠狀病毒肺炎應急響應機制流行病學組在《中華流行病學雜誌》上發表新冠肺炎最新研究《新型冠狀病毒肺炎流行病學特徵分析（the epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases）》。
該研究根據傳染病信息系統中報告的截至2月11日中國內地所有新冠肺炎共計72314例病例數據，對新冠肺炎流行病學特徵進行了描述和分析。
It finds that 80.9% of infections are classified as mild, 13.8% as severe and 4.7% as critical. The number of deaths among those infected, known as the fatality rate, remains low but rises among those over 80 years old.研究發現，80.9%的新冠病毒感染者為輕症，13.8%為重症，4.7%為危重。病死率保持在低位，不過在80歲以上人群中病死率有所上升。
Looking at the sex ratio, men are more likely to die (2.8%) than women (1.7%).性別比例方面，男性患者的病死率為2.8%，高於女性（1.7%）。
The study also identifies which existing illnesses put patients at risk. It puts cardiovascular disease at number one, followed by diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and hypertension.該研究還發現一些現有疾病會對感染者病情產生影響，影響最大的是心血管疾病，其次為糖尿病，慢性呼吸系統疾病以及高血壓。
The paper says that a total of 3,019 health workers have been infected, 1,716 of which were confirmed cases. Five had died by February 11.研究指出，共有3019名醫護人員感染，其中1716名為確診病例。截至2月11日，已有5名醫護人員殉職。
據國家衛健委官方網站數據顯示，2月18日0—24時，全國除湖北以外地區新增確診病例56例，連續15日呈現下降態勢。
The study suggests that the downward trend in the overall epidemic curve could mean that "isolation of whole cities, broadcast of critical information (e.g., promoting hand washing, mask wearing) with high frequency through multiple channels, and mobilization of a multi-sector rapid response teams is helping to curb the epidemic".該研究指出，疫情總體曲線呈下降態勢說明「城市封閉管理，多渠道高頻率的關鍵信息傳播（比如，宣傳洗手、戴口罩等），以及多部門快速響應團隊的發動在抑制疫情方面發揮了作用」。
診療方案 treatment plan
國家衛健委2月19日發布《新型冠狀病毒肺炎診療方案（試行第六版）》，在第五版診療方案的基礎上，對傳播途徑、臨床表現、治療等多方面內容進行了修改細化。
The latest version of the plan abolished different epidemic-related standards inside and outside the epicenter of Hubei province, and will only identify "suspected cases" and "confirmed cases" across the country.最新版診斷標準取消了湖北省和湖北省以外其他省份的區別，統一分為「疑似病例」和「確診病例」兩類。
國家衛健委有關專家表示，診療方案五次調整更新，邊實踐邊總結邊完善，將很多行之有效的治療經驗納入指導工作當中，不斷提高疾病的規範化診療水平。
具體來看，第六版診療方案將「經呼吸道飛沫和接觸傳播是主要的傳播途徑」改為「經呼吸道飛沫和密切接觸傳播是主要的傳播途徑（the main transmission route is droplet transmission and close contact transmission）。」「接觸」前增加「密切」二字。增加「在相對封閉的環境中長時間暴露於高濃度氣溶膠情況下存在經氣溶膠傳播的可能（aerosol transmission of the novel coronavirus is possible if one is exposed to a highly concentrated mixture in an enclosed area for an extended period）。」
臨床表現上，重症患者嚴重者除了「快速進展為急性呼吸窘迫症候群（develop rapidly into Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome）、膿毒症休克（septic shock）、難以糾正的代謝性酸中毒（difficult-to-tackle metabolic acidosis）和出凝血功能障礙（bleeding and coagulation dysfunction）」外，還可出現「多器官功能衰竭（multiple organ failure）」。
此外，在重症、危重症病例的治療（treatment of patients displaying serious or critical symptoms）中，對康復者血漿治療（infusions of blood plasma from recovered patients）的適用症和用法、用量進一步細化。
值得注意的是，診療方案還增加了「出院後注意事項」，患者出院後，因恢復期機體免疫功能低下，有感染其他病原體風險，應繼續進行14天自我健康狀況監測（recovered patients should monitor health conditions and continue to quarantine themselves for 14 days），佩戴口罩，有條件的居住在通風良好的單人房間，減少與家人的近距離密切接觸，分餐飲食，做好手衛生，避免外出活動。建議在出院後第2周、第4周到醫院隨訪、複診（at the second and fourth week after being discharged, they are supposed to revisit the hospital and undergo a checkup）。
減免企業社會保險費 cut corporate contributions to social insurance
人社部會同財政部、稅務總局研究制定了《關於階段性減免企業社會保險費的通知》，明確了免、減、緩三項措施。
To help enterprises withstand the epidemic and stabilize employment, the country will cut corporate contributions to the old-age pension, unemployment and workplace safety insurance funds by at least 500 billion yuan this year, according to You Jun, vice-minister of human resources and social security.人社部副部長遊鈞表示，為了幫助企業抵抗疫情、穩定就業，我國今年將減免養老、失業以及工傷這三項社會保險單位的繳費，預計減免規模將超5000億元。
【知識點】
我國的社保制度(social insurance system)由五險一金組成。所謂五險一金，即養老保險(endowment insurance)、醫療保險(medical insurance)、失業保險(unemployment insurance)、工傷保險(employment injury insurance)和生育保險(maternity insurance)，及住房公積金(housing provident fund)。
遊鈞在國務院聯防聯控機制新聞發布會上說:
Nationwide micro, small-and medium-sized enterprises－as well as all types of enterprises in Hubei province, the outbreak epicenter－will be eligible for exemption of the old-age pension, unemployment and workplace safety insurance payments from February to June.免，即從2020年2月起，各省份可以對中小微企業的養老、失業、工傷保險的三項社保的單位繳費實行免徵，免徵的期限不超過5個月，即免徵的政策可以執行到6月份。湖北省可以將免徵的範圍擴大到各類參保企業。
Large enterprises outside Hubei will see their contributions halved from February to April.減，即湖北以外的全國其他省份對大型企業等其他參保單位的三項社保單位繳費可減半徵收，減徵的期限不超過3個月。
Companies undergoing severe difficulties due to the epidemic are eligible for the deferral of the three types of social insurance payments for as long as six months.No overdue fine will be charged during this period.緩，即受疫情影響，生產經營出現嚴重困難的企業可申請緩繳，緩繳的期限原則上不超過6個月，緩繳期間免收滯納金。
此外，住房城鄉建設部會同財政部、中國人民銀行研究提出了關於住房公積金的支持政策。
Before the end of June, companies may also apply for deferring their payments to the housing provident fund. Failure by employees to repay their housing provident fund loans due to the epidemic will not be taken as a default.企業可按規定申請在2020年6月30日前緩繳住房公積金。受疫情影響住房公積金貸款不能正常還款的，不作逾期處理。
一線醫護人員 frontline medical workers
2月22日，中央應對新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎疫情工作領導小組印發《關於全面落實進一步保護關心愛護醫務人員若干措施的通知》（以下簡稱《通知》）。
Front-line medical workers in Hubei province, including those with medical assistance teams from other parts of the country, will have their salaries tripled during the epidemic control fight, and subsidies for them will be further boosted, according to the document.《通知》指出，將湖北省（含援湖北醫療隊）一線醫務人員薪酬水平提高2倍，同時進一步提高臨時性工作補助。
【單詞講解】
Triple在這裡用作動詞，意思是「（使）增至三倍」，比如，一名醫務工作人員原來的月薪是8000元，如果下個月的工資是8000元的triple，那就是24000元，實際上工資增加的幅度為原工資的兩倍16000元，中文習慣表達為「提高了兩倍」。其他表示倍數的詞double（兩倍）、quadruple（四倍）等也是同樣的用法。
《通知》指出，新冠肺炎疫情發生以來，全國廣大醫務人員義無反顧衝上疫情防控第一線，為保護人民生命健康作出重大貢獻。當前全國疫情防控進入關鍵時期，醫務人員工作任務重、感染風險高、工作壓力大，各地各有關部門務必高度重視對他們的保護、關心、愛護，加強各方面支持保障，解除他們的後顧之憂，使他們始終保持強大戰鬥力、昂揚鬥志、旺盛精力，持續健康、心無旁騖投入戰勝疫情鬥爭。
除提高薪酬待遇之外，《通知》還提出了其他保護關心愛護醫務人員的措施。
要做好工傷認定和待遇保障。
Streamlined procedures to facilitate compensation for work-related infections will be provided.簡化理賠程序，保障醫務人員及時享受工傷保險待遇。
要實施職稱評聘傾斜措施。
Front-line medical workers who have participated in epidemic prevention and control will be given preference in cases of getting promotions or applying for professional titles.一線醫務人員在職稱評聘中優先申報、優先參評、優先聘任。
要落實一線醫務人員生活保障。
Clean and nutritious meals should be provided, together with comfortable living environment and commuter services.乾淨、營養、便捷的就餐服務，舒適的生活休息環境，並解決通勤問題。
要加強醫務人員個人防護。
The circular also stressed that demand for protective equipment at designated hospitals, fever clinics and quarantine facilities must be prioritized.全力保障定點救治醫院、發熱門診、集中隔離觀察點等一線醫務人員防護物資需求。
要確保輪換休整到位。
Medical workers will take mandatory rest after long working hours, their paid vacation days should be increased after the epidemic.對長時間高負荷工作人員安排強制休息。疫情結束後，適當增加休息和帶薪休假時間。
要及時做好心理調適疏導。
Medical workers will receive mental health consultation.開展一線醫務人員心理健康評估。
要切實落實有困難家庭的照顧幫扶。
Family members of medical workers who have difficulties in their daily lives will receive greater support, according to the circular. They will gain improved access to medical care, and community officials will be responsible for providing assistance to them, including their children.開通一線醫務人員家屬就醫綠色通道，建立社區幹部聯繫幫扶一線醫務人員家庭制度，對於一線醫務人員子女教育給予更多幫助關愛。
要創造更加安全的執業環境。
We should safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of medical workers.保障醫務人員合法權益。
要開展烈士褒揚和先進表彰。
We should award outstanding medical workers and honor those who died fighting the epidemic as martyrs, and give preferential treatment to their children in school enrolling.依法做好因疫情防控犧牲殉職人員的烈士評定和褒揚工作，對於獲得表彰以及被認定為烈士的醫務人員的子女，在入學升學方面按規定享受相關待遇。
景區實名制購票 real-name ticketing at scenic spots
文化和旅遊部2月25日下發的《旅遊景區恢復開放疫情防控措施指南》明確，景區恢復開放應堅持分區分級原則，不搞「一刀切」，疫情高風險地區旅遊景區暫緩開放，疫情中、低風險地區的旅遊景區開放由當地黨委政府決定。
The guidelines required real-name ticketing, registration of tourists' contact and travel information and big data-powered monitoring of tourist information as scenic attractions have gradually started reopening to the public.隨著各地旅遊景區陸續恢復開放，指南要求景區實行實名制購票，記錄入園遊客聯絡方式、來往交通等信息，利用大數據等手段，做好遊客信息動態監測。
指南要求：
各地恢復開放的景區應嚴控遊客流量（control tourist volume），有效採取門票預約、智慧引導等手段，科學分流疏導遊客，防止人員聚集（avoid crowds）。
應採取分時段、間隔性辦法安排遊客入園（allow tourists admission during different time periods），景區出入口（entrances and exits of scenic spots）、重要參觀點（hot tourist spots）等容易出現人員聚集的位置要配備管理人員，加強遊客秩序管理。
指南鼓勵各景區採取網際網路售票（online ticketing）、二維碼驗票（check in with QR code）等方式減少人員接觸，遊客在測量體溫、佩戴口罩後方可入園（tourists should have their temperatures taken and wear masks before entrance）。
對發現疑似病例的景區，要立即採取隔離措施（take quarantine measures），加強密切接觸者追蹤（tracking close contacts）、疫點消毒工作（disinfection），並暫時關閉景區，待情況得到控制後，再按程序報批恢復開放。
景區恢復開放前應做好員工健康監測和報告（monitor and report their employees' health conditions），掌握員工出行軌跡（travel records）等情況，對來自疫情嚴重地區的人員要實施隔離觀察，實行「一進一測一登記」制度，進入景區前須進行體溫檢測。
碩士研究生擴招 expand enrolment of postgraduates
近日召開的國務院常務會議推出鼓勵吸納高校畢業生和農民工就業的措施。
he meeting decided to expand the enrolment of postgraduates and degree programs for junior college graduates, create more jobs in medical and social services at the community level, and strengthen support for micro and small enterprises to recruit more college graduates.會議決定，擴大今年碩士研究生招生和專升本規模，增加基層醫療、社會服務等崗位招募規模，加大對小微企業吸納高校畢業生就業的支持。
【單詞講解】
在國外大學招生的過程中，經常會看到admission和enrolment這兩個詞，具體說來，admission指的是這個學校的招生條件，符合這個條件的學生都可以報考/申請這個學校，所以，admission一般指整個的招生錄取過程；而enrolment則指最後被學校錄取、學生入校註冊。當然，admission在日常的使用中還有「準許進入（某地）」的意思，比如admission fee就是「入場費、門票費」。
教育部的數據顯示，報名參加2020年碩士研究生考試的考生人數創新高。
A total of 3.41 million people took part in China's 2020 national entrance exam for postgraduate studies in Decembber, 510,000 more than last year, the Ministry of Education said. A record 8.74 million university students are expected to graduate this year.去年12月份參加2020年碩士研究生考試的考生達到341萬，比上年增加了51萬。今年的大學畢業生預計將有874萬。
國務院常務會議推出的其他鼓勵就業措施還包括：
引導用人單位推遲面試和錄取時間（postpone interviews and hiring），對延遲離校應屆畢業生推遲報到、落戶等時限（delay the registration time and settlement of hukou for graduates who defer their graduation）。
對離校未就業高校畢業生提供2年戶口和檔案託管（unemployed graduates can have their hukou and personal files held in trust for two years），按應屆畢業生身份辦理就業手續。
積極擴大農民工就業。加大穩崗和就業補助。拓寬就地就近就業渠道（create more local or nearby jobs）。
新上一批帶動就業能力強的項目（a group of new projects providing a large number of posts will be approved）。
重大工程建設、以工代賑項目優先吸納貧困勞動力（prioritize poverty-stricken workers in recruitment）。
共享員工 employee sharing
新冠肺炎疫情打亂了很多行業的陣腳。很多餐飲企業遭遇寒冬，門庭冷落客流稀少；新零售企業的線上訂單卻呈爆發式增長，人手出現短缺，於是出現了「共享員工」這一新的用工模式。
Several Chinese companies are temporarily hiring — or 「sharing」 — employees from businesses that haven’t resumed operations or are only partially operating due to concerns over the novel coronavirus epidemic. The so-called shared employees, known as gongxiang yuangong in Chinese, are being hired by supermarkets, e-commerce platforms』 retail stores, and other companies or factories to ease the workforce crunch.我國多家企業正在臨時僱用因為新冠疫情而沒有復工或僅部分復工企業的員工。這些員工被稱為「共享員工」，他們受僱於超市、電商零售店以及其他公司或工廠以緩解用工荒。
2月初，盒馬鮮生超市發布公告，宣布接納雲海餚、青年餐廳的部分員工入駐盒馬門店工作，相關合作涉及上海、北京、南京等多地，共計近500人。
According to domestic media outlet National Business Daily, more than 3,000 new employees had joined Hema as of Feb 19, while over 4,000 people had signed up for the 「talent-sharing」 plan under Suning’s logistics arm as of Feb 21. The American supermarket chain Walmart has also joined in the trend, hiring more than 3,000 temporary workers from other sectors to work at its branches in cities like Beijing, Fuzhou, and Shenzhen.據《每日經濟新聞》報導，截至2月19日，已經有3000多名員工加入盒馬鮮生；截至2月21日，有4000多人加入蘇寧旗下物流公司的「人才共享」計劃。美國連鎖超市沃爾瑪也加入這一行列，從其他行業臨時僱用了3000多名員工在其北京、福州以及深圳的分店工作。
此外，京東7FRESH、永輝等多家零售企業以及哈囉出行等共享單車企業也陸續發布「員工共享」計劃，向臨時歇業的餐飲、酒店、影院等企業員工發出邀請，以期抱團取暖，共克時艱。
Bike-sharing company Hellobike has opened 8,000 positions nationwide for bicycle maintenance, according to state-owned Xinhua News Agency. In Hefei, capital of the eastern Anhui province, Hellobike is seeking 300 temporary workers, while 40 employees from a local hotel have started working at an industrial park on one-month contracts.據新華社報導，共享單車企業哈囉出行已面向全國發出8000個自行車維護崗位。在安徽省合肥市，哈囉出行正在招募300名臨時員工，與此同時，當地一家賓館的40名員工已經在一個工業園上崗，合同期為一個月。
中南財經政法大學數字經濟研究院執行院長盤和林指出，「共享員工（employee sharing）」在暫時勞動力過剩的傳統餐飲業與暫時勞動力緊缺的新興電商零售平臺之間激發了勞動共享，傳統餐飲企業、電商零售平臺和員工三方都解了燃眉之急（address the pressing need of traditional catering enterprises, e-commerce platforms and workers）。
不過，「共享員工」模式可能存在的用工風險也引發了關注。
業內人士認為，在勞務關係下，「共享員工」模式屬於跨行業借調用工的模式，即社保仍由原單位繳納、工資由借用單位承擔並由原單位負責發放。
Yao Junchang, a lawyer with Beijing Weiheng Law Firm, told Workers』 Daily that companies hiring temporary workers should include detailed provisions in their agreements, including the duration of employment, salary and policy for work-related injury compensation.北京煒衡律師事務所合伙人姚均昌律師在接受《工人日報》記者採訪時指出，企業應該就員工的僱用期限、工資標準、工傷賠償責任承擔等方面作出具體約定。
「At the same time, the companies lending the employees should sign a complete secondment arrangement, pay employees in full, and pay social security on time,」 he said. 「Employees should pay more attention to safety precautions and require a tripartite agreement or labor agreement to be signed during the temporary employment period and keep records as evidence.」同時，借出企業要籤訂完善的借調協議、及時足額為員工繳納社保並支付工資，保障員工的合法權益；員工應更注重安全防護，借調期間應當要求籤訂三方協議或勞務協議，保留好工作記錄和證據。
（中國日報網英語點津 Helen）
來源：中國日報網