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sius

(darkness), which perpetually gnaws at the root. Four harts run across

the branches of the tree and bite the buds; they represent the four winds.

Under the tree lies Ymir, and when he tries to shake off its weight the

earth quakes.

Asgard is the name of the abode of the gods, access to which is only

gained by crossing the bridge Bifrost (the rainbow). Asgard consists of

golden and silver palaces, the dwellings of the gods, but the most beautiful of these is Valhalla, the residence of Odin. When seated on his throne

he overlooks all heaven and earth. Upon his shoulders are the ravens

Hugin and Munin, who fly every day over the whole world, and on their

return report to him all they have seen and heard. At his feet lie his two

wolves, Geri and Freki, to whom Odin gives all the meat that is set before him, for he himself stands in no need of food. Mead is for him both

food and drink. He invented the Runic characters, and it is the business

of the Norns to engrave the runes of fate upon a metal shield. From

Odin's name, spelt Woden, as it sometimes is, came Wednesday, the

name of the fourth day of the week.

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Odin is frequently called Alfadur (All-father), but this name is sometimes used in a way that shows that the Scandinavians had an idea of a

deity superior to Odin, uncreated and eternal.

OF THE JOYS OF VALHALLA

Valhalla is the great hall of Odin, wherein he feasts with his chosen

heroes, all those who have fallen bravely in battle, for all who die a

peaceful death are excluded. The flesh of the boar Schrimnir is served up

to them, and is abundant for all. For although this boar is cooked every

morning, he becomes whole again every night. For drink the heroes are

supplied abundantly with mead from the she-goat Heidrum. When the

heroes are not feasting they amuse themselves with fighting. Every day

they ride out into the court or field and fight until they cut each other in

pieces. This is their pastime; but when meal time comes they recover

from their wounds and return to feast in Valhalla.

THE VALKYRIE

The Valkyrie are warlike virgins, mounted upon horses and armed

with helmets and spears. Odin, who is desirous to collect a great many

heroes in Valhalla to be able to meet the giants in a day when the final

contest must come, sends down to every battle-field to make choice of

those who shall be slain. The Valkyrie are his messengers, and their

name means "Choosers of the slain." When they ride forth on their errand, their armor sheds a strange flickering light, which flashes up over

the northern skies, making what men call the "Aurora Borealis," or

"Northern Lights." [Footnote: Gray's ode, "The Fatal Sisters," is founded

on this superstition.]

OF THOR AND THE OTHER GODS

Thor, the thunderer, Odin's eldest son, is the strongest of gods and

men, and possesses three very precious things. The first is a hammer,

which both the Frost and the Mountain giants know to their cost, when

they see it hurled against them in the air, for it has split many a skull of

their fathers and kindred. When thrown, it returns to his hand of its own

accord. The second rare thing he possesses is called the belt of strength.

When he girds it about him his divine might is doubled. The third, also

very precious, is his iron gloves, which he puts on whenever he would

use his mallet efficiently. From Thor's name is derived our word

Thursday.

Frey is one of the most celebrated of the gods. He presides over rain

and sunshine and all the fruits of the earth. His sister Freya is the most

propitious of the goddesses. She loves music, spring, and flowers, and is

287

particularly fond of the Elves (fairies). She is very fond of love ditties,

and all lovers would do well to invoke her.

Bragi is the god of poetry, and his song records the deeds of warriors.

His wife, Iduna, keeps in a box the apples which the gods, when they

feel old age approaching, have only to taste of to become young again.

Heimdall is the watchman of the gods, and is therefore placed on the

borders of heaven to prevent the giants from forcing their way over the

bridge Bifrost (the rainbow). He requires less sleep than a bird, and sees

by night as well as by day a hundred miles around him. So acute is his

ear that no sound escapes him, for he can even hear the grass grow and

the wool on a sheep's back.

OF LOKI AND HIS PROGENY

There is another deity who is described as the calumniator of the gods

and the contriver of all fraud and mischief. His name is Loki. He is handsome and well made, but of a very fickle mood and most evil disposition. He is of the giant race, but forced himself into the company of the

gods, and seems to take pleasure in bringing them into difficulties, and

in extricating them out of the danger by his cunning, wit, and skill. Loki

has three children. The first is the wolf Fenris, the second the Midgard

serpent, the third Hela (Death), The gods were not ignorant that these

monsters were growing up, and that they would one day bring much

evil upon gods and men. So Odin deemed it advisable to send one to

bring them to him. When they came he threw the serpent into that deep

ocean by which the earth is surrounded. But the monster had grown to

such an enormous size that holding his tail in his mouth he encircles the

whole earth. Hela he cast into Niffleheim, and gave her power over nine

worlds or regions, into which she distributes those who are sent to her;

that is, all who die of sickness or old age. Her hall is called Elvidner.

Hunger is her table, Starvation her knife, Delay her man, Slowness her

maid, Precipice her threshold, Care her bed, and Burning Anguish forms

the hangings of the apartments. She may easily be recognized, for her

body is half flesh color and half blue, and she has a dreadfully stern and

forbidding countenance. The wolf Fenris gave the gods a great deal of

trouble before they succeeded in chaining him. He broke the strongest

fetters as if they were made of cobwebs. Finally the gods sent a messenger to the mountain spirits, who made for them the chain called Gleipnir.

It is fashioned of six things, viz., the noise made by the footfall of a cat,

the beards of women, the roots of stones, the breath of fishes, the nerves

(sensibilities) of bears, and the spittle of birds. When finished it was as

288

smooth and soft as a silken string. But when the gods asked the wolf to

suffer himself to be bound with this apparently slight ribbon, he suspected their design, fearing that it was made by enchantment. He therefore

only consented to be bound with it upon condition that one of the gods

put his hand in his (Fenris's) mouth as a pledge that the band was to be

removed again. Tyr (the god of battles) alone had courage enough to do

this. But when the wolf found that he could not break his fetters, and

that the gods would not release him, he bit off Tyr's hand, and he has

ever since remained one-handed. HOW THOR PAID THE MOUNTAIN

GIANT HIS WAGES

Once on a time, when the gods were constructing their abodes and

had already finished Midgard and Valhalla, a certain artificer came and

offered to build them a residence so well fortified that they should be

perfectly safe from the incursions of the Frost giants and the giants of the

mountains. But he demanded for his reward the goddess Freya, together

with the sun and moon. The gods yielded to his terms, provided he

would finish the whole work himself without any one's assistance, and

all within the space of one winter. But if anything remained unfinished

on the first day of summer he should forfeit the recompense agreed on.

On being told these terms the artificer stipulated that he should be allowed the use of his horse Svadilfari, and this by the advice of Loki was

granted to him. He accordingly set to work on the first day of winter,

and during the night let his horse draw stone for the building. The

enormous size of the stones struck the gods with astonishment, and they

saw clearly that the horse did one-half more of the toilsome work than

his master. Their bargain, however, had been concluded, and confirmed

by solemn oaths, for without these precautions a giant would not have

thought himself safe among the gods, especially when Thor should return from an expedition he had then undertaken against the evil

demons.