動詞的概述
1.動詞是表示動作或狀態的詞
如：walk play sleep live
2.動詞和名詞一樣，也有人稱和數的變化。謂語動詞的人稱和數一般必須與主語的人稱和數保持一致
3.英語動詞是詞類中最複雜的一種，它的主要語法特徵是：
①時態(tense)
特殊的動詞詞尾和有關的助動詞，用以表示動作的時間和方向
②語態(voice)
特殊的動詞形式，用以表示動作的主語和賓語之間的關係，即主語是施事者或是受事者。
③語氣(mood)
特殊的動詞形式，用以表示說話人對所說事物的態度。所說的話可能是事實，也可能是命令或請求，也可能是願望，假設，懷疑，建議，猜測，純粹的空想等。
④體(aspect)
動詞本身含有的動作方面，有動態和靜態。靜態包括內心活動，各種感覺和感情等。動態有瞬間，有限，無限，重複等方面。
4.動詞的種類
動詞的種類比較複雜，大致可以根據其在句子中的功能分為及物動詞與不及物動詞，連繫動詞介於兩者之間。反身動詞則是一種特殊的及物動詞。其次，還可以根據其詞義和在謂語中的做用，分為實義動詞與助動詞，情態動詞。第三，還可以根據其與主語的關係分為限定動詞與非限定動詞。最後，還有一種由動詞與介詞，副詞組成的動詞短語。
①：及物動詞(transitive verb)與不及物動詞(intransitive verb)
及物動詞要求有直接賓語
如：John himself opend the door to me
John親自來為我開門
不及物動詞則不要求有直接賓語
如：The car stopped.
車停了
只有及物動詞可用作被動語態
如：The meeting will be hold in the town hall
會議將在市政大廳舉行
②：連繫動詞(link verb)是一個表示謂語關係的動詞
它後必須接表語(通常為名詞或是形容詞)be是最基本的連繫動詞
如：It is not late
時間還不晚
③：反身動詞(reflexive verb)相當於及物動詞，通常以反身動詞做賓語
如：She always prides herself on her cooking
她經常為她的廚藝感到驕傲
1.實義動詞(national verb)與助動詞 (auxiliary verb)，情態動詞 (modal verb)。實義動詞意義完全，能獨立作謂語
如：The burglar broke the window
小偷打破了窗戶。
2.助動詞本身無詞彙意義，不能單獨作謂語，它們do,be,have,shall(should),will(would)等。它們在句子中與實義動詞一起構成各種時態，語態和語氣以及否定和疑問結構
如：When do we meet again?
什麼時候我們再會(用於疑問結構)
3.情態動詞的意義不完全，在句中不能單獨作謂語，只能與實義動詞一起構成謂語。它們有shall,should,will,can,could,may,need,dare等。
如：They dare not tell the truth.
他們不敢說真話。
4.限定動詞(finite verb)與非限定動詞。這些動詞的形式由它們在句子中的功用決定。限定動詞在句子中起謂語作用。可與助動詞或情態動詞連用，亦可不連用。但必須與主語在人稱和數上保持一致。
如：Mark smokes a lot.
Mark 抽菸很多。
非限定動詞有不定式，動名詞和分詞三種。它們在句子中不起謂語作用，可擔任主語，賓語，補語，狀語，如：He wanted to tell her of the incident.
他想把這個事件告訴她。(不定式用作賓語)
5.短語動詞(phrasal verb)短語動詞是一個固定詞組。由動詞加介詞或副詞等構成。其作用相當於一個動詞。
如：The plane took off at seven sharp
飛機七點起飛(動詞+副詞)
6.動詞的基本形式
動詞的基本形式有五種。動詞原形(verb stem)第三人稱單數 (third person singular present tense form) 過去式(past tense form)過去分詞 (past participle) 和現在分詞(present participle)
如： 原形 第三人稱單數 過去式 過去分詞 現在分詞
do does did done doing
Have 的兩種特殊句型
have是英語中最活躍的動詞之一，它與不同的詞搭配表示不同的意思。如：have a meeting(開會)，have a rest(休息)，have a class(上課)等。你可知道have構成的兩種特殊句型嗎?不看不知道，一看就明了。
1.have+賓語+省略to的動詞不定式
該句型中作主語的"人或物"讓作賓語的"人或物"去做某事。此時的賓語與省略to的不定式(賓語補足語)之間有邏輯上的主謂關係。如：I would have you buy a new bike. 我想讓你買輛新自行車。We can't have the car stop. 我們無法讓汽車停下來。
2.have+賓語+過去分詞
該句型中作主語的"人或物"讓作賓語的"人或物"被……。此時的賓語與過去分詞(賓語補足語)之間有邏輯上的動賓關係。如： I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.
我明天要理髮。They have just had their car repaired.他們剛找人把車修理了一下。
注意：大多數情況下，這兩種句型之間可以互換。如：
1)He had me wash the table cloth.→He had the table cloth washed.
2) The man had the bike mended.→ The man had someone mend the bike.
練習：根據漢語意思，完成英語句子，每空一詞。
1.你應該找人建一座房子。
You should have someone_____a house. You should have a house_____.
2.現在我們請下一位演講者到前面來。 Now we'll have the next speaker_____to the front.
3.你必須讓人把這些書送到教室去。
You must have these books_____ to the classroom
Do 的四作用
動詞do在句中的作用可以概述為四句十二字："做"實義，助動詞，替前文，強語氣。
作用一：實義do
do作實義動詞時，有do, does, did, done, doing五種形式，還有及物、不及物之分。如：
1. vt. "做;研究;整理;完成"。如：
①The old man does an hour of sport every day.
②She did her homework at home last night.
③Mother was doing the cooking when I reached home.
④Have you done the exercises yet?
2. vi. "行動;工作;進展;足夠"。如：
①Kate does very well in her Chinese.
②How do you do?
③Well done!
④That will do.
作用二：助動do
do作助動詞時，只有do, does, did三種形式，無詞義，限用於含行為動詞的一般現在時和一般過去時兩種時態的否定句和疑問句中。如：
①They don't have any tickets for tonight's concert.
②Kate stayed at home last night, didn't she?
③How many books does the library have?
④She doesn't do the washing in the evening.
作用三：替代do
為避免動詞的重複，使語言簡練，常以do, does, did替代前文所用的行為動詞。如：
①Tom runs much faster than you do.
②-Lucy, can you get some more tea, please?
-Sure. I'll do it right away.
②-Who broke the cup?
-Mimi did.
③-I like bananas.
-So does he.
作用四：語氣do
為突出感情色彩，do常用於祈使句、強調句和倒裝句中，以加強語氣。如：
①Do be careful.
②Don't tell a lie.
③He did come.
④-You often go to the park.
-So we do.
like的用法：
一、用作動詞：
1.like+名詞/代詞，意為"喜歡某人或某物"。例如：
Tom likes fish very much.湯姆非常喜歡魚。
Mr Wang is a good teacher.We all like him. 王老師是個好老師，我們都喜歡他。
2.like to do sth. 意為"(偶爾或具體地)喜歡做某事"。例如：
I like to swim with you today.今天我喜歡和你一起去遊泳。
3.like doing sth. 意為"(經常或習慣地)喜歡做某事"。例如：
He likes singing.他喜歡唱歌。
4.like sb. to do sth.意為"喜歡某人做某事"。例如：
She likes them to ask questions like this. 她喜歡他們像這樣問問題。
5.would like to do sth. (=want to do sth.)意為" 想要做某事"。例如：
I'd like to go shopping with you.我想要和你一起去買東西。
6.would like sb. to do sth.意為"想要某人做某事"。
I'd like you to meet my parents.我想要你見見我的父母親。
二、用作介詞：
1. be like, look like後接名詞或代詞作賓語，意為"像……;跟……一樣"。例如：
What is he like?他是怎麼樣的一個人?
The little girl looks like her father.那個小姑娘看起來像她的父親。
2. feel like後接V?鄄ing形式、代詞或名詞，意為"想要做某事"。例如：
Do you feel like having a rest?你想休息嗎?
We'll go for a walk if you feel like it.如果你想散步，我們就去吧。
三、常見句型：
1. What do you like about...?意為"關於……你喜歡什麼?"，用來詢問對方所喜歡的內容。例如：
-What do you like about China?你喜歡中國的什麼?
-The food and the people.食物和人民。
2. How do you like...?意為"你認為……怎麼樣?"(=What do you think of...?)例如：
-How do you like the film?你認為這部電影怎麼樣?
-It's very interesting.很有趣。
3. Would you like +名詞 / to do sth.?意為"你想要……嗎?"，用來詢問對方是否需要什麼或徵求意見與看法。例如：
Would you like some water?你想要一些水嗎?
Would you like to play football with us?你願意和我們一起去踢足球嗎?
Keep 用法：
在人教版初中英語教材中，keep是要求學生必須掌握的四會詞之一，現將其常見用法歸納小結如下，以利於大家正確地使用該詞。
一、用作及物動詞
1. 意為"保存;保留;保持;保守"。如：
Could you keep these letters for me, please? 你能替我保存這些信嗎?
I'll keep a seat for you.我給你留個座位。
It can help to keep vegetables, fruit and meat for a long time in hot summer. 在炎熱的夏天，它有助於蔬菜、水果和肉類長時間保鮮。
Can you keep a secret? 你能保守秘密嗎?
2. 意為"照顧;養活"等。如：
She kept her sister for a week while her sister was ill.她妹妹有病時，她照看她了一個星期。
I have a family to keep.我得養活一家人。
3. 意為"留下;不必還"。如：
You can keep the pen if you like it.你要是喜歡就把鋼筆留下吧。
Keep the change.不用找零錢了。
4. 意為"遵守;維護"。如：
Everyone must keep the rules. 人人必須遵守規章制度。
The teacher is keeping order in class.老師正在課堂上維持秩序。
5. 意為"售;賣"。如：
The shop keeps everything you need.那家商店裡出售的東西應有盡有。
He keeps everything you will drink.他出售你想喝的各種飲料。
6. 意為"記(日記、帳等)"。如：
She keeps a diary every day.她堅持每天記日記。
He keeps exact accounts of the money he spends and a diary of the events of his holidays.他詳細地記載他所花的錢數和假期中所發生的事情。
7. 意為"使……保持某種(狀態、位置或動作等)"。這時要在keep的賓語後接補足語，構成複合賓語。其中賓語補足語通常由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、現在分詞和過去分詞等充當。如：
We should keep our classroom clean and tidy.(形容詞)我們應保持教室整潔乾淨。
You'd better keep the child away from the fire.(副詞)你最好讓孩子離火遠一點。
The bad weather keeps us inside the house.(介詞短語)壞天氣使我們不能出門。
Don't keep me waiting for long.(現在分詞)別讓我等太久。
The other students in the class keep their eyes closed.(過去分詞)班上其他同學都閉著眼睛。
二、用作連繫動詞
構成系表結構：keep+表語，意為"保持，繼續(處於某種狀態)"。其中表語可用形容詞、副詞、介詞短語等充當。如：
You must look after yourself and keep healthy.(形容詞)你必須照顧好自己，保持身體健康。
Keep off the grass.(副詞)請勿踐踏草地。
Traffic in Britain keeps to the left.(介詞短語)英國的交通是靠左邊行駛的。
注意：一般情況下，keep後接形容詞較為多見。再如：
She knew she must keep calm.她知道她必須保持鎮靜。
Please keep silent in class.課堂上請保持安靜。
三、與介詞或副詞搭配，構成動詞短語
1.keep away意為"(使)離開;(使)不接近"，其後常接介詞from。如：
Would you keep your dog away from my boy, please? 請把狗拉得離我孩子遠點好嗎?
Keep everybody away from the accident.人人遠離事故!
2.keep back意為"阻止;留在後面"。如：
She sat down quietly, but she couldn't keep
back her tears.她靜靜地坐下來，卻忍不住流下了眼淚。
3.keep together意為"在一起;動作協調"。如：
Keep together, please.請聚在一起。
The eight men kept together during the boat race as though they were one.賽船時，這8個人動作協調，好像一個人似的。
4.keep up意為"持續;使不低落"。如：
The noise kept up all night.噪音整夜持續著。
To keep your strength up, eat well and get enough sleep.為了保持力氣，要吃好、睡足。
5.keep up with意為"跟上;和……來往"。如：
I'm trying my best to keep up with the others in class.我正在設法趕上班裡的其他人。
Do you still keep up with Tom? 你和湯姆還有聯繫嗎?
6.keep...in mind意為"把……記在心裡"。如：
The teacher asked us to keep these sentences in mind.老師要我們把這些句子記在心裡。
四、含keep的常用句型
1.keep doing sth. 意為"繼續幹某事"，表示不間斷地持續幹某事，keep後不能接不定式或表示靜止狀態的v-ing形式，而必須接延續性的動詞。如：
He kept working all day, because he wanted to finish the work on time.他整天都在不停地工作，因為他想準時完成工作。
Keep passing the ball to each other, and you'll be OK.堅持互相傳球，你們就行。
2.keep on doing sth. 意為"持續做某事"。如：
The pupil kept on asking me the same question.這個學生不斷地問我同一個問題。
I kept on thinking about the match in the afternoon.我總是想起下午的那場比賽。
3. keep...from doing sth.意為"阻止/防止……做某事"。如：
The heavy snow kept us from going out.大雪使我們不能出去。
Be 的四功能
be是一個多功能動詞，在初級英語裡可見四種用法：
功能一，系動詞be
be為連繫動詞，中心詞義是"是"，句型為"主+系+表"結構。be的形式常用am, is, are(現在式);was, were(過去式);will/can/may/must be(助動詞/情態動詞+原形);have/has/had been(助動詞+過去分詞)等。如：
To help animals is helping people.(一般現在時)
The twins were very busy yesterday.(一般過去時)
It will be sunny tomorrow.(一般將來時)
She has been ill for over a week.(現在完成時)
功能二，助動詞be
助動詞be，無詞義，輔助主要動詞一起在句中作謂語動詞。用法如下：
1. be+doing：構成進行時態，有現在和過去兩種進行時態。如：
The girls is reading and copying the new words now.
Young Tom was always asking questions and trying out new ideas.
2. be+done：構成被動語態(主語是動作的承受者，done必須是及物動詞)。如：
Tea is grown in my hometown.(一般現在時的被動語態)
This building was built three years ago.(一般過去時的被動語態)
Our classroom has been cleaned and tidied already.(現在完成時的被動語態)
How could this kind of cakes be made in your home?(含情態動詞的被動語態)
That is a day never to be forgotten.(動詞不定式的被動語態)
3. be+going to do，表示"打算或將要做某事"，be有現在和過去兩種形式。如：
We are going to plant trees in the park.
I didn't know if she was going to come here.
4. be+to do，表示"按計劃安排將要做某事"。如：
The new shop is not to be opened till next Monday.
One night an angel came to Mary and told her that she was to have this special boy.
功能三，there be
there be句式為：there be+主語部分+狀語部分，表示"某處存在某物"，be常用現在時，過去時和將來時等。如：
Oh, cool! And there are many things to see. There is even a deer park in Sanya.
There are about 80 pyramids in Egypt.
Will there be a football match in your school next week?
功能四，實義be
可以將be視為實義動詞，因為它具有實際的詞義，如"成為;做;發生;舉行;逗留;到達"等。如：
His daughter wants to be a doctor for animals in her twenties.
Kate's birthday party will be at half past six this evening.
Jim has been in China for more than two years, but he has not yet been to Yichang.
there be 知識點掃描
there be結構作為初中的一個重點句型，在教育部新頒布的《英語課程標準》中，作為簡單句的基本句型列入其中，在各地中考試卷中也頻頻亮相。
考點一：對there be基本理念的考查
1.—What did you see on the desk then?
—There ________ a bottle of orange.
[03北京宣武區]
A. was B. were C. has D. had
2. There ________ an English film here tomorrow. [04武漢]
A. has B. is going to be C. will have
3. There used to have few tall buildings around our village. (找錯並改正)
A B C D
[03陝西]
4.—What’s on the plate?
—There ________ some bread on it.
[03吉林]
A. is B. are C. has D. have
[掃描1]
根據句子的時間狀語或上下文暗示、銜接等，在初中階段be的形式不外乎有這麼幾種：
①現在時(is / are)、過去時(was / were)、將來時(will be)、完成時(have / has / had been);
②可以與情態動詞連用，組成there +情態動詞+be的形式，表推測語氣;
③可與seem, appear, used to等狀態詞連用，構成there seems / appears / used to be...;
答案要點：
1.題中的問句用了過去時，又因為答語中為「一瓶桔子汁」，故答案為A。
2.題中有一個表示將來的tomorrow，又因為there be的形式中不能用助動詞have，故答案為B。
3.題錯誤之處為C，應改為be。
4.題中some bread為不可數名詞，應選A。
考點二：考查there be句型的臨近一致性
1. There ________ a pencil on the desk and you may use it. [03北京石景山區]
A. is B. are C. was D. were
2. There ________ two knives in the pencilbox. [03哈爾濱]
A. are B. be C. is D. am
3. There ________ a pair of shoes under the bed. The shoes ________ mine. [04蘭州]
A. is;are B. is;is C. are;is D. are;are
[掃描2]
be的形式受後面靠近它的主語在人稱和數上的制約，必須採取就近原則，與臨近的主語保持一致，必須看清楚there後跟的是可數名詞，還是不可數名詞。還必須注意既有可數名詞又有不可數名詞的時候，be的形式的臨近一致性。如:There is a bag of rice, two baskets of apples and three people under the tree.
答案要點：
1. a pencil為可數名詞單數形式，可從A、C中選，又從and you may use it可以得出，選擇A。
2.句中有two knives，名詞複數，故選A。
3. a pair of修飾可數名詞複數時，謂語動詞要用單數形式，而shoes是可數名詞複數，故答案為A。
考點三：考查there be和have/has表示「有」的含義時的區別
1. There ________ two pictures on the wall.
[03北京大興區]
A. is B. have C. are D. has
2. There ________ a football game in our school next week. [03新疆生產建設兵團]
A. has B. is going to be C. have D. is going to have
3. There________ a football match on TV this evening. [04陝西]
A. will have B. is going to be C. has D. is going to have
4. There is going to have a football match next Friday afternoon.
A B C D
(找錯並改正)[04南京]
[掃描3]
英語中表示「有」的含義時可以用there be句型,也可以用have/has(got)表達，但二者在用法上有根本的區別：
there be句型表示存在，即某處有某物;have/has (got)表示所有、擁有，即某人(物)有……。如：
They have a beautiful home.
I』ve got an idea.
在there be句型中be的形式不能用have/has替代。
答案要點：根據以上分析可得：1. C 2. B 3. B 4. B(應把have改成be)
考點四：考查there be的反意疑問句
1. There is a beautiful clock on the wall, ________? [03桂林]
A. isn’t there B. is there C. isn’t it D. doesn’t it
2. There is little milk in the bottle, ________? [03廣東]
A. isn’t it B. is it C. isn’t there D. is there
3. There was no time for the twins to go shopping, ________ ________?(完成反意疑問句) [03哈爾濱]
[掃描4]
there be句型的反意疑問句必須用there進行反問，這時需要注意的是there be句型中是否有seldom, hardly, little, few, no, nothing, nobody之類的否定詞或半否定詞，若有，則該部分應看成是否定的，反意疑問部分必須用肯定式。如果there be中帶有否定的前綴的詞，則該部分應看成肯定式，反意疑問部分仍要用否定形式。如: There was an unusual bike under the tree, wasn’t there?
答案要點：根據掃描4可得，1. A 2. D 3. was there
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