《柳葉刀》(The Lancet)發表評論,圍繞是否需要在社區中佩戴口罩展開討論。文章認為,保持社交距離和洗手是目前防控期間最重要的措施,而戴口罩可以控制傳染源,從而可以對上述措施進行補充。對於不能待在家的必要工作人員來說,大規模佩戴口罩將是保護他們的重要措施。隨著人們重返工作崗位,大規模佩戴口罩或將有助於減少病毒傳播。
隨著2019冠狀病毒病(COVID-19)大流行的發展,一個相關的討論隨之展開:是否需要在社區佩戴口罩。世衛組織(WHO)在2020年1月首次提出關於佩戴口罩的指導意見,我們已經強調過其中的不一致之處。[1, 2]WHO在2020年4月6日提出的臨時指導意見中,仍未建議健康人群通過在社區內廣泛使用口罩(mass masking,大規模佩戴口罩)來預防嚴重急性呼吸症候群冠狀病毒2型(SARS-CoV-2)感染。[3]英國公共衛生部(Public Health England, PHE)的意見與之相似。[4]但現在美國疾病預防控制中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC)建議民眾在公共場合佩戴布制口罩[5],加拿大、韓國以及捷克共和國等許多國家也同樣要求或建議居民在公共場所佩戴口罩。[6-8]一項基於證據的綜述[9]和分析[10]支持在此次大流行中大規模佩戴口罩。有消息稱,WHO和PHE正在重新審視這個問題。
通常,人們通過佩戴口罩來保護自己,但我們是基於控制傳染源這個更有力的公共衛生基本原理,建議通過佩戴口罩來避免他人接觸呼吸道飛沫。由於SARS-CoV-2可能無症狀傳播,這種方法就顯得尤為重要。[13]由於WHO、PHE等組織認為目前並無證據表明佩戴口罩可以預防包括SARS-CoV-2在內的呼吸道病毒感染,因而尚未建議大規模佩戴口罩。[3, 4]此前關於非醫療環境中使用口罩的研究關注的是口罩在流感或類似流感的疾病環境中對佩戴者的保護作用。[14]這些研究的設計並未評估整個人群使用口罩的效果。在疾病大流行時期人們佩戴口罩的依從性足夠高,可以進行有效性評估,但是尚沒有研究在大流行時期開展過調查。但是,缺少大規模佩戴口罩有效性的臨床試驗證據不代表戴口罩無效。從物理角度,我們支持通過遮擋口部來減少呼吸道飛沫傳播,咳嗽禮儀也是出於對這部分因素的考量,而不是基於臨床試驗證據。[14]2019年,WHO召開的研討會評估了關於通過使用口罩降低大流行性流感風險和影響等非藥物性公共衛生措施的證據。研討會總結稱,儘管尚無有效性試驗的證據表明佩戴口罩可以減少傳播,「但從物理角度來說,佩戴口罩這一舉措是可能有效的」,並建議應在嚴重的流感大流行時期考慮在公共場合使用口罩。[15]我們認為,如果因為沒有臨床試驗證據表明有效,就認為大規模佩戴口罩等低成本的幹預措施無效且不予考慮,將可能造成傷害。
另一個令人擔憂的問題是社區口罩供應不足。醫用口罩必須為醫護人員保留。然而,我們認為,若只是為了控制傳染源而非自我保護,那么正如美國CDC建議的那樣[5],布制口罩可能就足夠了,尤其是每個人都戴口罩的話。布制口罩很容易在家裡自製,清洗後還可以重複使用。相關組織機構同樣擔心民眾能否正確佩戴、摘取以及處理口罩,但這些操作可以通過公共教育來學習。
最後,有人擔心,戴口罩可能產生與保持社交距離、洗手等其他控制傳染方法相關的安全錯覺。我們並未發現任何實證證據表明戴口罩會導致民眾忽視其他控制傳染的方法。然而,即使人們選擇佩戴口罩,仍需要向他們強調這一點的重要性。
大規模佩戴口罩符合基本公共衛生原則,而政府或公眾目前也許還不能充分認識到這一點。首先,控制傳染源(戴口罩)至少與阻斷傳播途徑(洗手)一樣重要。大規模佩戴口罩給人群帶來的益處也可以被理解為一種所謂的預防悖論,即為個體帶來的益處不大但卻能為群體帶來巨大收益的幹預措施。[16]系好安全帶就是如此。此外,與接種疫苗後的群體免疫類似,只有大多數人都戴上了口罩,才能在社區內顯著降低感染人數。最後,戴口罩可以類比於安全駕駛:如果我們安全駕駛,那麼道路上的其他人就會從中受益;當所有人都安全駕駛時,道路交通事故的風險就會降低。
保持社交距離和洗手是目前防控期間最重要的措施。我們認為,戴口罩可以控制傳染源,從而可以對上述措施進行補充。對於不能待在家的必要工作人員來說,大規模佩戴口罩將是保護他們的重要措施。隨著人們重返工作崗位,大規模佩戴口罩或將有助於減少病毒傳播。韓國和中國香港已經成功地在未採取限制措施的情況下控制了COVID-19暴發。[17, 18]很難評價大規模檢測、嚴格密切接觸者追蹤、嚴格隔離等多種措施在疫情防控方面的貢獻,但上述兩個地區都普遍採用了公共場合佩戴口罩這一措施。由於沒有有效的COVID-19疫苗,COVID-19大流行將很可能繼續發展,我們希望能夠在接下來的疫情階段中考慮大規模佩戴口罩這一措施。[19]最後,該措施也有助於控制未來的流感流行。
我們認為,在COVID-19大流行期間,通過大規模佩戴口罩控制傳染源是一種廉價、高效的防控手段,可以作為社交隔離和洗手的補充。這項措施將重點從自我保護轉移到利他行為,推動每個公民積極參與,也象徵著全球在應對疾病大流行背景下的社會團結。END
We declare no competing interests.
*Kar Keung Cheng, Tai Hing Lam, Chi Chiu Leung k.k.cheng@bham.ac.uk
Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham B15 2TT, UK (KKC); School of Public Health. The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China (THL); and Hong Kong Tuberculosis, Chest and Heart Diseases Association, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China (CCL)
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