Well, hey there, I'm Emma from mmmEnglish.
Today I've got an awesome lesson for you about abbreviations.
大家好呀，我是 Emma，歡迎來到美味英語頻道。
今天我給大家準備了一節超級棒的關於縮寫的課程。
Kind of a tricky word to say, isn't it? Abbreviation.
這個詞說起來有些難，對吧？縮寫。
An abbreviation is a small group of letters that represents a larger word or a larger phrase and they're often used in written English but also in spoken English too.
All of the ones I'm sharing in this lesson are really common.
縮寫指的是幾個字母代表的是更大的詞或更大的短語，而且它們經常用英語書面語中，但是也會用在英語口語中。
我在本課中分享的所有內容都非常常見。
They're used by native speakers in formal situations but often informally as well, in text messages, on internet forums.
Knowing these abbreviations will make communicating so much easier for you and knowing how to say them correctly will help you to be understood as well.
母語人士會在正式場合使用它們，但是也經常在非正式場合使用，比如說發簡訊的時候，在網絡論壇中。
了解這些縮寫將使得交流對你而言輕鬆很多，而且知道該怎麼說正確地發音，能夠幫助你更好地被理解。
As usual, I've got a quiz for you at the end of this lesson so stick around, test what you know and put what you learn into practice. FYI.
像往常一樣，本節課結束的時候我給大家準備了小測試，所以堅持下去吧，測試一下你知道了什麼，並把你學到的東西付諸實踐。僅供參考。
For all of you people out there that absolutely love a challenge, I've got a reminder for you from our friends at Lingoda.
The next Lingoda Language Sprint is about to start, so this is your chance to enroll and get up to a hundred per cent cashback while you're at it.
對於所有喜歡挑戰的人，我要給大家一個來自我們的老朋友 Lingoda 的提醒。下一個 Lingoda 語言衝刺即將開始，這是你進行註冊並獲得高達100％的現金返還的好機會啊。
If you haven't had the chance to register yet then today is your lucky day.
The closing dates for registrations have actually been extended until the 18th of September.
如果你還沒有機會註冊，那麼今天是你的幸運日。報名截止日期延長至9月18日了。
To get all the details about how the Sprint works and how you can get a one hundred percent refund on your class fees, then make sure you check out this video up here that has all the deets. The details.
想要獲取有關衝刺跑的所有詳細信息，以及如何獲得百分之百的課程費用退款的細節的話，一定要看一下這個視頻哦，裡面包含所有的細節。細節。
Now of course, if you've been watching my channel for a while, you'll know that I'm a Lingoda student too.
I took their ninety-day challenge as a student in Spanish and it was awesome.
當然了，如果你觀看我的頻道有一陣子了，你會知道我也是 Lingoda 的學生。
我以西班牙語學生參加了他們的90天挑戰賽，真的太贊了。
But as an English teacher, I can also really say that the structure of the curriculum and the clear path that Lingoda offers to reach your next CEFR certification is also really great.
All Lingoda classes are delivered by native teachers.
但是作為一名英語老師，我絕對可以說 Lingoda 為幫助你們達到下一個歐洲語言共同框架認證的等級所提供的課程結構和清晰的路徑特別特別好。Lingoda 的所有課程均由母語老師授課。
You can take one-to-one or small group classes and all of those classes are available 24/7 so you can choose the time that best suits your schedule.
Lingoda have an awesome blog on their website with plenty of free learning materials which is like most language sites I guess but what makes the Lingoda blog different is that they've posts from their students and interviews with their actual team.
你可以參加一對一課程或小班授課，所有這些課程都是全天候提供服務的，因此你可以選擇最適合你的日程表的時間。
Lingoda 在他們的網站上有一個很棒的博客，上面有大量的免費學習材料，就像大多數語言網站一樣，但是 Lingoda 博客與眾不同的是，他們是發一些來自於學生的反饋和他們團隊的採訪。
This helps you to see what's happening behind the scenes and actually how committed they are to helping language learners just like you and me to be as best as they can be.
Anyway I will put all the links in the description down below.
這可以幫助你了解背後發生了什麼，以及他們對幫助就像你我一樣的語言學習者有多麼盡職盡責，儘可能地做到最好。不管怎麼說，我會把所有的連接放在下面的描述區。
Definitely check them out and let me know if you sign up for the Sprint.
So first up let's start with some extremely common everyday abbreviations that you really need to know.
一定要看一下哦，如果你註冊了衝刺跑的話，請告訴我。首先讓我們從一些非常常見的，你真正需要知道的日常縮寫開始吧。
Okay these are essential. You've probably seen most of them before, maybe in professional emails or formal invitations, in other types of formal and informal writing.
好的，這些是最基礎的。你可能以前已經看過其中大多數表達了，也許在工作郵件或正式邀請中，在其他形式的正式和非正式寫作中。
You may have even heard some of them spoken. If you've been wondering what they mean or how to say them, this lesson is exactly what you need.
你甚至可能在口語中聽過一些。如果你一直在想它們是什麼意思，或怎麼說的話，這堂課正是你所需要的。
So let's start with P. S. Now it comes from the Latin words post scriptum, which means written after, so we use P. S as an afterthought, to add something to a message that you've forgotten to include.
讓我們從 P.S. 開始。它來自拉丁單詞 post scriptum，意思是寫在後面，所以我們使用 P.S. 表達的是事後的想法，把你忘記包括進去的信息給添加進去。
It's not usually spoken. So back in the day, before computers and text messages, our grandparents used to write letters right?
通常不會用在口語中。所以回到電腦和簡訊出現之前的年代，我們的祖父母會寫信，對吧？
Traditionally you'd write your letter, then you'd sign your name at the end but then you'd realise I forgot to include that. There's something else I wanted to add.
按照傳統，你會寫信，然後你要在後面籤名，但是你後面意識到有一點我忘記說了。我還想補充一點。
P. S. Mum said hello and she can't wait to see you! Another abbreviation that you'll often see at the end of a message is RSVP.
P.S. 媽媽向你問好，她迫不及待地想要見你！你經常會在消息的末尾看到的另一個縮寫是 RSVP。
Now it's been around for a long time and it will probably continue to stay around for a long time to come.
It's actually a French expression and it stands for répondez s'il vous plat which simply means respond, please.
它已經存在很長時間了，可能還有存在很長的時間。
實際上是一個法語表達，它代表的是 répondezs'il vousplat， 意思就是敬請賜復。
So we use it in English to ask for someone to respond to an invitation.
In the past, you would have mostly seen it in written invitations but these days you'll see it in emails, you'll see it in online invitations, too.
所以我們用在英語中來請人回應邀請。
在過去，你看到的大多數都是書面邀請，但現在你會在電子郵件中看到，你也會在在線邀請中看到它。
It's really common. If you're invited to a wedding or a party or something like that, then you'll see it written at the bottom.
這真的很常見。如果你受邀參加婚禮、派對或其他類似的活動，你會看到它就寫在底部。
Please RSVP. When you see RSVP, you need to respond, you need to confirm if you're attending the event and if you're not attending the event, you still have to tell them.
敬請賜復。當你看到 RSVP 時，你需要回應，確認一下不管你會去參加活動還是不去參加活動，你仍然需要告訴他們。
Okay so they're asking for you to respond. If someone tells you to do something ASAP, it means do it as soon as possible.
好的，所以他們要求你進行回應。如果有人告訴你 ASAP 做某事，意思是儘可能快地去做這件事。
You'll often hear it being used in professional context, it's really common in that setting. You might say I'm really sorry for the delay.
你會經常聽到它在工作場合中使用，在這種情況下真的很常見。你可能會說非常抱歉我遲到了。
I'll get the report finished ASAP.
So yeah it's used professionally, it's also used informally a lot as well and when it's spoken you may actually hear the word being pronounced phonetically.
我將儘快完成報告。是的，它是用在職業場合的，但是在非正式場合用得也很多，在口語當中，你可能會聽到它以標音的方式讀出來。
ASAP. Can you call me back ASAP?
儘快。您能儘快給我回電嗎？
Or you'll also hear each letter being spoken individually. ASAP.
或者你也會聽到把每個字母單獨說出來。儘快。
Can you call me back ASAP? Both options are fine right.
您能儘快給我回電嗎？兩種選擇都是可以的。
Have you heard this one or seen it written in an email before? It's also really common to see in a professional context in email communication especially but actually you might hear people say it too out loud.
你之前是聽到過這個還是在郵件中看到過它？它在工作情境中非常常見，特別是在電子郵件中，但是你也能聽到大家把它給說出來。
It means for your information. So use it when you want to add a little bit of extra important information, alright, something that you think that person really would want to know.
意思是僅供參考。因此，當你想要增加一點額外的重要信息的時候就使用它，你覺得那個人肯定會想知道的。
FYI the ticket says it starts at 9am but the speakers won't actually be there until 10. This one is the abbreviation of the word versus.
僅供參考，票上說早上9點開始，但實際上要等到10點，演講者才會出現。這是單詞 versus 的縮寫。
Versus. That second syllable is unstressed okay.
對。第二個音節是不發音的。
Versus. So when you see this and you want to say it in spoken English, you always say the complete word, you never say VS alright?
對。所以當你看到這個縮寫，並且想要用英語口語說出來時，你得說完整的單詞，而不是說 VS，好嗎？
But you will hear some native speakers reduce it down to just verse instead of versus.
So versus is commonly used when two things are put up against each other so you see it a lot in sports right?
但是你會聽到一些母語人士將其說成 verse，而不是 versus。所以 versus 經常用在兩個互相對抗的東西上，所以你經常會在體育場合看到它，對吧？
When there's two teams playing each other. Melbourne versus Sydney.
當兩個團隊互相比賽時。墨爾本對雪梨。
So ETA stands for estimated time of arrival and it's really commonly used to ask what time someone is going to arrive. What's your ETA?
ETA 代表預計到達時間，經常用來詢問某人到達的時間。您的預計到達時間是什麼時候？
I'm about 10 minutes away. Simple right? Really simple question.
大約十分鐘的路程。簡單吧？真的很簡單的問題。
It's also used on schedules, you'll see it written sometimes, maybe at a train station where it will say the train, where it's going to and it might say ETA next to it. Next train from Paris.
它也會用在日程中，你有時候會在書面上看到它，也許在火車站，會說火車要去哪裡，以及預計的到達時間。下一列火車是從巴黎出發的。
ETA eight minutes. Estimated time of arrival, eight minutes.
預計八分鐘到達。預計到達時間，八分鐘。
So it's often used in spoken and written English but when you pronounce it out loud, you pronounce the three letters ETA.
I could call you up over the phone and ask: What's your ETA?
所以它經常用在口語和書面英語中，但是當你念出來的時候，發三個字母 ETA 的音就可以了。
我可能打電話問你：你預計什麼時候到達？
Or your boss might call you and say exactly the same thing. What time will you arrive here?
否則你的老闆可能會打電話給你，說完全一樣的話。你什麼時候到達這裡？
Have you heard or even seen this one used before?
You're going to see it a lot online in magazines, in books and blogs, that kind of thing.
你之前聽過或者是用過這個縮寫嗎？
你可以在網上經常看到，雜誌啊，書籍啊和博客啊，類似的這些東西。
It stands for do it yourself and it is referring to home projects, home repairs and crafts, things that you do yourself by hand instead of buying something that's already been made or paying a professional to come and do it for you. So you might see DIY kitchens, DIY flower beds, DIY craft projects.
它代表自己動手做，它指的是家裡做的東西，家裡進行修復和手工藝品，你用手做的東西，而不是購買的已經做好的東西，或付費聘請專業人士為你做的東西。
所以你可能會看到 DIY 廚房，DIY 花壇，DIY 工藝項目。
What it means is it's simply a project that you do at home yourself.
As you've been listening to me talk about it though, I'm sure you've picked up that the way that we say this word is by spelling out the letters, DIY.
它的意思就是你在家裡自己做的東西。不過正如你一直聽我說的那樣，我相信你已經知道我們怎麼說這個縮寫了，把字母一個個發出來就行，DIY。
So are you into DIY projects? Maybe you've been working on a few things during lockdown.
那麼，你有沒有自己在做東西啊？也許你在隔離期間一直在自己做些東西。
Wi-fi is another really, really common one, one that my students often mispronounce by saying whiffy which actually sounds a little bit like a very informal word for kind of smelly, whiffy.
You know I often see non-native English speakers asking for wi-fi in hotel receptions or at information desks and the response or the reaction that they get is kind of confused.
Wi-fi 是另外一個非常非常常見的表達，我的學生經常會把發音給弄錯，他們會說成 whiffy，聽起來有點點像「難聞的」的一個非正式表達，whiffy。
我經常看到說非英語母語的人在酒店接待處或在問訊處問 Wi-Fi，他們得到的回應或反應是有點困惑。
Wi-fi? What is that? It's wi-fi.
Wi-fi？那是什麼？是 wi-fi。
This is my favourite one. This abbreviation came from the internet but it's become pretty mainstream now, it's very common even in offline situations.
這是我最喜歡的一個。這個縮寫來自網際網路，但是現在已經很流行了，即使在線下也很常見。
It's actually officially been added to the dictionary. And it stands for fear of missing out.
實際上，它已正式添加到字典中了。它代表著害怕錯過。
And when we use it, we usually say that we have FOMO or he has FOMO.
So think about when you're scrolling through Instagram or Facebook or Youtube or whatever, you get to see all these amazing things that everyone's doing, right?
當我們使用它時，我們通常會說我們有 FOMO，或者他有 FOMO。
所以想想當你瀏覽 Instagram 或 Facebook 或 Youtube 時，你可以看到大家在做的超級棒的事情，對吧？
People on holidays, on amazing hikes, winning awards, graduating, all of these awesome things.
And do you ever catch yourself feeling a little sad or a little depressed that you're missing out?
人們在度假、在進行超級棒的遠足、獲獎、畢業，所有這些很棒的東西。
你是否曾經感到有點難過或者是有點沮喪，感覺自己錯過了很多？
That you're not doing those things? It's the worst thing about social media but that feeling is FOMO.
你沒有做那些事情？這是社交媒體最糟糕的方面，但是那種感覺就是 FOMO。
It's fear of missing out. It's a feeling of missing out, of not having those things as well but like I said now it's really used more generally just to talk about that feeling of anxiety when you worry about missing out on important things or on fun social events.
擔心錯過。這是一種錯過的感覺，沒有擁有那些東西，就像我說的那樣，它的用法其實更加寬泛，來談論當你擔心錯過重要的事情或者是有趣的社交活動的那種焦慮感。
I usually say yes to everything even if I'm tired or I'm feeling lazy because I really can't stand having FOMO! I hate missing out.
我一般都不會拒絕任何事情，即使我很累或感到懶惰，因為我真的受不了錯過什麼東西！我討厭錯過。
So next up I've got some newer internet abbreviations that you probably should know even if you don't use them a lot yourself, it's good to be able to recognise them and know what's going on, right?
So you'll see them mostly in informal situations on the internet, text messages, on social media, that kind of thing.
接下來，我給大家準備了一些一些較新的網際網路縮寫，你可能應該知道了，即使你自己不經常使用它們，但是你能夠認出它們，並且知道是怎麼回事，對吧？
因此，你通常會在非正式情況下看到它們，在網際網路上，在簡訊中，在社交媒體上等等。
Before we keep going here, I just want to take a moment to get something off my chest, make it really clear that using FOMO and any of the abbreviations that I'm about to mention are not really appropriate in very formal or professional contexts unless you consider your colleague to be a really good friend or something like that because in most formal contexts, using these abbreviations sends a different message subtly, a message like: I can't really be bothered or I don't have enough time for you. So I just want you to be careful with how you're using these abbreviations.
在我們繼續前進之前，我想花一點時間說一下，說清楚在非常正式和職業場合中使用 FOMO 和我要提到的任何縮寫是不恰當的，除非你認為你的同事是你的好朋友，因為在大多數正式情況下，使用這些縮寫傳達了一種細微地不同的意思，類似於：我不想被麻煩，或者是我沒時間給你。我只是想讓大家注意使用這些縮寫的方式。
Wherever you can just use the full word or the full expression.
Anyway we're going to see what you already know by doing a quick little quiz or a little game.
只要可以，最好是使用完整的單詞或完整地表達。
不管怎麼說，我們將通過一個快速小測試或者說是小遊戲來看一下你已經掌握了什麼。
So for each abbreviation you'll see on screen, I'm going to give you three different options for what it might mean.
I want you to guess the correct answer so take a pen and paper out right now, write down your answers, tell me how many you get right down in the comments, okay?
你在屏幕上看到的每個縮寫，我將為你提供三種不同的它可能是什麼意思的選擇。
我想讓你才出正確答案，所以拿出筆和紙吧，寫下你的答案，請在下方評論區告訴我你做對了多少，好嗎？
I want to see how good you are. Let's start with this one here.
我想看看你做得多棒。讓我們從這個開始吧。
So does this abbreviation stand for too young, thank you or talked yesterday? Kind of easy.
所以這個縮寫代表的是太年輕了，謝謝你，還是昨天說過了？挺容易的。
It does mean thank you and sometimes depending on where you are in the world, this will also be written as TQ or TKS but I literally hate this abbreviation, please don't use it.
If you are actually thankful, then just write the extra couple of letters to write the full word alright?
意思是謝謝你，有時取決於你在世界上的哪個角落，它也可以被寫作 TQ 或者是 TKS，但是我很討厭這個縮寫，所以不要使用它。如果你真的很感激的話，多寫幾個字母，把完整的單詞寫出來，好嗎？
It just shows people that you really actually do appreciate them. Alright so does this one mean be right back, burnt really badly or but really beautiful?
它會向打擊表明你真的很感激他們。好吧，這意味著馬上回來，燒得很厲害還是但是非常漂亮？
So this one comes from the early days of internet chatting when someone needed to step away from their computer for a little bit, just for a few minutes and they would write BRB as in be right back.
It's still often used today in text and group chats especially but when spoken it's never really said BRB, just say be right back.
所以這個表達來自早期的網際網路聊天，當有人需要離開他們的電腦一小會兒，大概是幾分鐘的時間的時候，他們會寫 BRB，意思是馬上回來。
現在它經常被用在簡訊和群組聊天中，但是說的時候並不會再說 BRB 了，而是說馬上回來。
So this one is super common. Does it mean by the way, but then what or bring the wine?
這個超級常見。意思是順便說一句，但是然後呢，還是帶酒呢？
It means by the way although maybe C is a good option too. By the way.
意思是順便說一下，儘管 C 也是一個不錯的選擇。順便說一下。
So mostly you see this in text messages when people are writing ideas really quickly but you might even hear people say this one out loud in informal situations, BTW. BTW, I'm taking a break for 10 minutes. See you soon.
所以大多數情況下，你會在簡訊中看到它，當人們真正迅速地寫出自己的想法時，但你甚至可能聽到人們在非正式場合中說順便說一句。順便說一句，我要休息十分鐘。等會兒再見。
Actually, that just reminded me of BYO. I forgot to mention it earlier, it's a really, really common one that you'll often see at restaurants and it means bring your own.
實際上，這讓我想起了 BYO。我之前忘了提它了，這是一個非常非常常見的表達，你經常會在餐廳看到它，意思是自帶酒水。
Usually it's referring to alcoholic drinks. So bring your own wine, bring your own beer because we don't serve it in the restaurant.
通常是指酒精飲料。所以帶上你自己的酒，帶上你自己的啤酒，因為我們餐廳裡並不提供。
But you know maybe when you're going to a barbecue in a park with friends they might say BYO meat or BYO drinks or that kind of thing, bring your own.
Alright this one is very recent, it's new.
但是你知道，可能當你要和朋友們在公園燒烤的時候，他們可能會說：自帶肉或自帶飲料這種話，請自備。好的，這個表達狠心。
Does it mean time for the meeting, too much information or type more information. So it stands for too much information.
意思是開會時間，太多信息，還是輸入更多信息。它代表的是太多信息。
So let's think about a friend who might tell you a little bit too much information right, too much personal information, too much detail that's kind of awkward or disgusting.
Then you might say TMI, I didn't need to hear that!
讓我們想像一個朋友，他可能告訴你的信息有點點多，太多的個人信息，太多的細節，所以就有點點尷尬，或者是令人不適。那你可以說：信息太多了，我不需要聽那個！
Alright, another very, very common one, the best hamburger, this is boring or to be honest. It's definitely a really useful one to know, it's used really frequently even in some online magazines and blogs and things now but it means to be honest.
好吧，另一個非常非常常見的表達，最好的漢堡，這很無聊，還是說實話。這是一個非常有用的縮寫，甚至是會用在一些線上雜誌和博客中，意思是說實話。
To be honest, I don't think it's the best burger in town. Again, when it's spoken, it's spoken as full words not TBH.
老實說，我認為這不是市裡最好的漢堡。同樣的，它的發音是完整的單詞，而不是 TBH 三個字母。
In my office, it's more obvious or in my opinion. Yeah, this is in my opinion.
在我的辦公室裡，更明顯，還是我認為。是的，是我認為。
The band was great but the food wasn't very good, in my opinion. Another very new one but an important one to know.
在我看來，樂隊很棒，但是食物不是很好。另一個非常新的，但是需要知道的縮寫。
In real life, I really like or I rarely lie. What do you think?
在真實的生活中，我很喜歡，還是我很少說謊。你覺得呢？
So we use this one to separate real life from things that happen online in movies or on social media and that kind of thing. It means in real life.
所以我們用這個表達將現實生活與在電影或社交媒體上發生的事情分開。意思是在現實生活中。
They play video games together online but they've never met in real life. Again, don't use the letters as the abbreviation when you speak, when you speak just say the full words.
他們在網上一起玩電子遊戲，但他們在現實生活中從未遇見過。同樣地，當你說的時候不要使用縮寫的首字母，你要把它完整地說出來。
She's my hero, shaking my head or somebody might hear. Did you get it?
她是我的英雄，搖頭，還是有人可能會聽到。你明白了嗎？
Shaking my head but what does that actually mean?
So in real life, we shake our head right like this to show that we disapprove or we can't believe something right so this is the texting form of this action.
搖頭，但這實際上是什麼意思呢？
在現實生活中，我們像這樣搖頭表示我們不同意或無法相信某件事情，所以這是搖頭的動作的書面表達形式。
So if you texted me and you said I just dropped my phone in the toilet! I could respond with shaking my head.
所以如果你發簡訊給我，你說：我剛把手機掉在廁所裡面了！我可以說不會吧。
So how did you go with this little quiz? Did you know any of them?
那麼，你這個小測驗做得怎麼樣呢？你知道其中的任何一個嗎？
Some of them? Maybe you knew most of them or all of them in which case, I'm super impressed.
還是其中的某一些？也許你知道其中大多數或全部，如果是這樣的話，大家的表現真的很令我讚嘆呢。
I really hope that this video helps to inspire you to use them or to feel more comfortable when you see and you read or you hear these different abbreviations used in English.
If there's anything that this lesson has revealed for us, it's that English is always changing and evolving.
我真的希望這個視頻有助於激勵你去使用它們，或者是當你在英語中看到或聽到這些不同的縮寫的時候會更加舒適自如。
如果說本節課程對我們有什麼啟示的話，那就是英語一直在變化和發展。
There's new ideas, new ways of expressing yourself happening all of the time.
You'll always be learning new ways of expressing yourself and hear people expressing themselves differently and so will I.
新的想法，新的表達自己的方式一直在出現。
你可以一直學習新的表達自我的方式，聽到人們以不同的方式表達自己，我也是如此。
It's the same for me, I definitely learned a few new ways to express myself whilst researching for this lesson.
So tell me how did you go down in the comments, which ones did you get right or wrong?
對我來說也是一樣，我在準備這節課的時候，也學到了很多新的表達自己的方式。
請在下方評論區告訴我你做的怎麼樣，你做對了哪些做錯了哪些呢？
Are there any other abbreviations that you can think of that I maybe didn't include in this lesson or maybe there's some other ones that are used often in your own native language that you think we should be using in English.
Definitely share those in the comments down below but right now I've got another lesson right here waiting for you.
你還能想到其他的我可能沒有包含在本節課程中的縮寫嗎，或者是有一些是在你的母語中經常使用的縮寫，而你覺得我們在英文中也應該在使用的呢？
一定要在下面的評論分享哦，不過現在我還有另外一節課哦，我在那裡等待著大家。
I'll see you in there!
再見！