OBCW20200401關愛地球——
我們的共同未來I（雙語）
【編者按】
同一個地球，同一個世界，讓我們攜手並進，共同打造人類命運共同體（a Community of Shared Future for Mankind）。各國在追求本國利益時，必須兼顧他國合理關切，在謀求本國發展中促進各國共同發展。 因為，人類只有同一個地球，而各國共處同一個世界。
A000
Our Common Future, From One Earth to One World
我們的共同未來——從同一個星球到同一個世界
A001
Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development
我們的共同未來：來自世界環境與發展委員會的報告
A002
An Overview by the World Commission on Environment and Development
世界環境與發展委員會概述
A003
The Global Challenge
全球挑戰
A004
Successes and failures
成功與失敗
A005
The Interlocking Crises
連鎖危機
A006
Sustainable Development
可持續發展
A007
The Institutional Gaps
制度差距
A008
The Policy Directions
政策方向
A009
Population and Human Resources
人口與人力資源
A010
Food Security: Sustaining the Potential
糧食安全：維穩挖潛
A011
Species and Ecosystems: Resources for Development
物種與生態：發展資源
A012
Energy: Choices for Environment and Development
能源：環境與發展的選擇
A013
Industry: Producing More with Less
工業：少投入，多產出
A014
The Urban Challenge
來自大都市的挑戰
A015
International Cooperation and Institutional Reform
國際合作與體制改革
A016
The Role of the International Economy
國際經濟的作用
A017
Managing the Commons
管理公共領地
A018
Peace, Security, Development, and the Environment
和平，安全，發展與環境
A019
Institutional and Legal Change
制度和法律變革
A020
4.1 Getting at the Sources
4.1掌握源頭問題
A021
4.2 Dealing with the Effects
4.2應對處理效果
A022
4.3 Assessing Global Risks
4.3評估全球風險
A023
4.4 Making Informed Choices
4.4做出明智選擇
A024
4.5 Providing the Legal Means
4.5提供法律手段
A025
4.6 Investing in our Future
4.6投資可能未來
A026
A Call for Action
籲請採取行動
A027
1. In the middle of the 20th century, we saw our planet from space for the first time. Historians may eventually find that this vision had a greater impact on thought than did the Copernican revolution of the 16th century, which upset the human self-image by revealing that the Earth is not the centre of the universe. From space, we see a small and fragile ball dominated not by human activity and edifice but by a pattern of clouds, oceans, greenery, and soils. Humanity's inability to fit its activities into that pattern is changing planetary systems, fundamentally. Many such changes are accompanied by life-threatening hazards. This new reality, from which there is no escape, must be recognized - and managed.
在20世紀中葉，我們首次在太空看到了我們的星球。歷史學家可能最終發現，這種觀點比起16世紀的哥白尼革命，對我們的思想衝擊更大。哥白尼革命揭示了地球不是宇宙的中心，顛覆了人類的自我形象。從太空中，我們看到一個渺小又易碎的球體，它不是由人類活動和建築物主導，而是由雲層、海洋、綠色植物和土壤構成的圖案。人類不能使自己的活動適應這種模式，這從根本上改變了行星系統。許多這樣的變化伴隨著危及生命的危害。我們必須認識到這個無法逃避的新現實，並加以管理。
A028
2. Fortunately, this new reality coincides with more positive developments new to this century. We can move information and goods faster around the globe than ever before; we can produce more food and more goods with less investment of resources; our technology and science gives us at least, the potential to look deeper into and better understand natural systems. From space, we can see and study the Earth as an organism whose health depends on the health of all its parts. We have the power to reconcile human affairs with natural laws and to thrive in the process. In this our cultural and spiritual heritages can reinforce our economic interests and survival imperatives.
幸運的是，這一新的現實與本世紀新出現的更積極的事態發展同時出現。我們可以比以往任何時候更快地在全球移動信息和商品；我們可以用更少的資源投資生產更多的食品和商品；我們的技術和科學至少給了我們更深入地研究和更好地理解自然系統的潛力。從太空中，我們可以看到和研究地球作為一個有機體，它的健康依賴於其所有部分的健康。我們有能力調和人類事務與自然規律，並在此過程中茁壯成長。在這方面，我們的文化和精神遺產可以加強我們的經濟利益和生存的必要性。
A029
3. This Commission believes that people can build a future that is more prosperous, more just, and more secure. Our report, Our Common Future, is not a prediction of ever increasing environmental decay, poverty, and hardship in an ever more polluted world among ever decreasing resources. We see instead the possibility for a new era of economic growth, one that must be based on policies that sustain and expand the environmental resource base. And we believe such growth to be absolutely essential to relieve the great poverty that is deepening in much of the developing world.
該委員會相信，人們能夠建設一個更加繁榮、更加公正和更加安全的未來。我們的報告，我們共同的未來，並不是一個預測，在一個汙染越來越嚴重的世界裡，在不斷減少的資源中，環境惡化、貧困和困難將不斷增加。相反，我們看到了新的經濟增長時代的可能性，這個時代必須以維持和擴大環境資源基礎的政策為基礎。我們認為，這種增長對於緩解大部分發展中國家正在加深的嚴重貧困是絕對必要的。
A030
4. But the Commission's hope for the future is conditional on decisive political action now to begin managing environmental resources to ensure both sustainable human progress and human survival. We are not forecasting a future; we are serving a notice - an urgent notice based on the latest and best scientific evidence - that the time has come to take the decisions needed to secure the resources to sustain this and coming generations. We do not offer a detailed blueprint for action, but instead a pathway by which the peoples of the world may enlarge their spheres of cooperation.
但是，委員會對未來的希望取決於現在採取果斷的政治行動，即開始管理環境資源，以確保可持續的人類進步和人類生存。我們不是在預測未來;我們正在發通知—一個基於最新和最好的科學證據的緊急通知——現在是做出決定的時候了，用來確保有資源來維持我們這一代和子孫後代。我們提供的，不是詳細的行動藍圖，而是世界各國人民擴大合作領域的途徑。
A031
I. The Global Challenge
A032
1. Successes and failures
成功和失敗
A033
5. Those looking for success and signs of hope can find many: infant mortality is falling; human life expectancy is increasing; the proportion of the world's adults who can read and write is climbing; the proportion of children starting school is rising; and global food production increases faster than the population grows.
那些尋求成功和希望的人會發現很多如下的問題:嬰兒死亡率正在下降;人類的壽命正在增加;世界上能夠閱讀寫作的成年人的比例正在增加;兒童入學比例正在上升;以及全球糧食產量的增長快於人口增長。
A034
6. But the same processes that have produced these gains have given rise to trends that the planet and its people cannot long bear. These have traditionally been divided into failures of 'development' and failures in the management of our human environment. On the development side, in terms of absolute numbers there are more hungry people in the world than ever before, and their numbers are increasing. So are the numbers who cannot read or write, the numbers without safe water or safe and sound homes, and the numbers short of woodfuel with which to cook and warm themselves. The gap between rich and poor nations is widening - not shrinking - and there is little prospect, given present trends and institutional arrangements, that this process will be reversed.
但在同樣的過程中，產生這些利益的同時，也造成了地球及其人類無法長期承受的趨勢。這些傳統上被分為「發展」的失敗和人類環境管理的失敗。在發展方面，就絕對數字而言，世界上飢餓人口比以往任何時候都多，而且他們的人數正在增加。那些不能讀或寫的數字，那些沒有安全的水或安全可靠的家的數字，還有那些缺少用來做飯和取暖的柴火的數字。富國和窮國之間的差距正在擴大，而不是縮小，鑑於目前的趨勢和體制安排，這一進程將被扭轉的可能性很小。
A035
7. There are also environmental trends that threaten to radically alter the planet, that threaten the lives of many species upon it. including the human species. Each year another 6 million hectares of productive dryland turns into worthless desert. Over three decades, this would amount to an area roughly as large as Saudi Arabia. More than 11 million hectares of forests are destroyed yearly, and this, over three decades, would equal an area about the size of India. Much of this forest is converted to low-grade farmland unable to support the farmers who settle it. In Europe, acid precipitation kills forests and lakes and damages the artistic and architectural heritage of nations; it may have acidified vast tracts of soil beyond reasonable hope of repair. The burning of fossil fuels puts into the atmosphere carbon dioxide, which is causing gradual global warming. This 'greenhouse effect' may by early next century have increased average global temperatures enough to shift agricultural production areas, raise sea levels to flood coastal cities, and disrupt national economies. Other industrial gases threaten to deplete the planet's protective ozone shield to such an extent that the number of human and animal cancers would rise sharply and the oceans' food chain would be disrupted, industry and agriculture put toxic substances into the human food chain and into underground water tables beyond reach of cleansing.
還有一些環境趨勢有可能從根本上改變地球，威脅到地球上許多物種的生命。包括人類。每年都有600萬公頃肥沃的旱地變成毫無價值的沙漠。在30年的時間裡，這將相當於沙烏地阿拉伯的面積。每年有超過1100萬公頃的森林被毀，這相當於印度的面積。這些森林大部分被改造成低等級的農田，無法養活定居的農民。在歐洲，酸雨殺死了森林和湖泊，破壞了國家的藝術和建築遺產；酸雨使大片土壤酸化，超出了修復的合理希望。化石燃料的燃燒將二氧化碳排放到大氣中，這導致了全球變暖。到下個世紀初，這種「溫室效應」可能已經增加了全球平均氣溫，足以改變農業生產區域，提高海平面以淹沒沿海城市，並擾亂國民經濟。其他工業氣體有可能耗盡地球的保護臭氧層，使人類和動物癌症的數量急劇上升，海洋食物鏈受到破壞，工業和農業將有毒物質帶入人類食物鏈，並進入無法淨化的地下水位。
A036
8. There has been a growing realization in national governments and multilateral institutions that it is impossible to separate economic development issues from environment issues; many forms of development erode the environmental resources upon which they must be based, and environmental degradation can undermine economic development. Poverty is a major cause and effect of global environmental problems. It is therefore futile to attempt to deal with environmental problems without a broader perspective that encompasses the factors underlying world poverty and international inequality.
各國政府和多邊機構日益認識到，不可能將經濟發展問題與環境問題分開；許多形式的發展侵蝕了它們賴以生存的環境資源，環境退化可能破壞經濟發展。貧困是全球環境問題的主要原因和影響。因此，如果沒有一個涵蓋世界貧窮和國際不平等根源的更廣泛的視角來處理環境問題，是徒勞的。
A037
9. These concerns were behind the establishment in 1983 of the World Commission on Environment and Development by the UN General Assembly. The Commission is an independent body, linked to but outside the control of governments and the UN system. The Commission's mandate gave it three objectives: to re-examine the critical environment and development issues and to formulate realistic proposals for dealing with them; to propose new forms of international cooperation on these issues that will influence policies and events in the direction of needed changes; and to raise the levels of understanding and commitment to action of individuals, voluntary organizations, businesses, institutes, and governments.
正是出於這些考慮，聯合國大會於1983年成立了世界環境與發展委員會。該委員會是一個獨立的機構，與各國政府和聯合國系統有聯繫，但不受其控制。委員會的任務規定給它三個目標:重新審查關鍵的環境和發展問題，並為處理這些問題擬訂切合實際的建議;提出在這些問題上進行新形式的國際合作，以便對政策和事件產生影響，以實現必要的變革;提高個人、志願組織、企業、研究機構和政府對行動的理解和承諾水平。
以上文字漢語來源於：1組範淑雪、孔夢茹、劉路路、劉雪晴、潘然、汪鳳姣、王鳳霞、魏桐等同學(的課堂作業); 英文源於網絡，特此說明【指導老師康健】.
編輯|劉家圓 李澤昆
版式|王 瑜 劉 悅
審核|康 健