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Hey there I'm Emma from mmmEnglish!
I've got an interesting lesson for you today especially if you're an intermediate English learner and you're transitioning to being an advanced English learner or English user.
大家好，我是 Emma，歡迎來到 Emma 的美味英語！我今天給大家準備了一節很有趣的課程，尤其是如果你是一個中級英語學習者，正在向高級英語學習者轉變的話。
That leap is one that requires more than just detailed knowledge about the words and the grammar structures that we use in English.
It also requires an awareness of tone and register so that you can choose the most appropriate words for the context.
這個跳躍需要的不僅僅是我們在使用英語時所需的關於單詞和語法結構的詳細知識。也需要對於語調和語境的意識，這樣大家就可以根據語境選擇最合適的詞彙。
So here's the thing, if you've been trained in academic or in business English, well, the chances are that you've become quite used to expressing yourself with formal language.
Well, this lesson is one that you really need to watch because I'm going to share four words that are not appropriate for relaxed and informal conversations.
事情是這樣的，如果你們接受的是學術或者是商務英語訓練的話，那麼很可能的情況是你們已經習慣於用正式的語言表達自己。你們確實需要看看這節課，因為我會分享四個並不適用於放鬆的非正式對話中的詞彙。
But they're words that my English students use all the time in everyday conversation. So stay tuned!
但是我的英語學生在日常對話中卻總是使用這幾個單詞。認真聽吧！
. . . . . . Every time that you speak with someone, you're using language to create and to build relationships, social relationships with your neighbours, professor, with your clients or customers, anyone.
每次你和別人說話的時候，你是在使用語言來創造和建立關係，和你的鄰居、教授、客人等等建立社會關係。交流信息是說話非常重要的一部分，但是你所做的遠遠不止於這些，你確實應該做的也遠不止這些，因為正是這些額外的東西幫助你在英語對話中變成一個更加友善、更加令人記憶深刻的人。
Communicating information is an important part of speaking, obviously, but you can do so much more than that and you really should because it's this extra stuff that helps you to become a friendly and memorable person in English conversations.
If the language that you use is not appropriate to the context, then your meaning and even your character can be a little misunderstood.
如果你使用的語言在這個語境中並不合適的話，那麼你的意思、甚至是你的角色都有可能被曲解。如果你過於正式的話，可能會讓人覺得非常不舒服。
If you're too formal, well you can accidentally make people feel uncomfortable. Perhaps they might even think you're being a little rude.
也許他們可能甚至會覺得你有一點點沒有禮貌。同樣的，如果你在一個需要使用正式語言的情境中使用了非正式語言的話，額，那大家可能並不會認真考慮你說的話，你可能甚至會被大家忽視。
And equally, if you use informal language in a situation where you really need to use formal language, well, you might not be taken seriously and perhaps you might even be overlooked.
So recognising the context in which you're speaking and choosing the appropriate language for that context is an important skill for advanced English users.
所以識別自己說話的情境，根據情境選擇合適的語言對於高級英語使用者來說是一個非常重要的技能。那什麼是語境呢？
So what is context? You probably hear your English teachers using this word all the time.
你可能會聽到你的英語老師一直在使用這個單詞。語境指的是當下那一刻你身邊發生的一切：你在哪裡，發生了什麼，你在和誰交談。
Context refers to whatever is going on around you at that moment: where are you, what's happening, who are you talking to.
All of these things help to create the context and the context helps us to know what type of words and what type of grammar structures are relevant and appropriate for that situation.
這些都可以幫助創造語境，而語境能夠幫助我們了解在當下的情境中，什麼樣的詞彙和語法是相關的、合適的。你可能會覺得工作場合是一個專業的語境，對吧？
Now you might assume that your workplace is a professional context, right? So formal language is always required but it's not as simple as that.
所以總是需要說正式的語言，但是事情並不是那麼簡單。如果你在辦公室工作的話，那麼確實是的，和顧客和客戶使用正式的語言是必需的。
If you work in an office, then yes, using formal language with customers and clients is essential.
If you're talking to your boss or someone high up in the company, well, again, you want to be using more formal language to sound more impressive and more intelligent.
如果你和老闆或者是公司裡面職位較高的人交流的話，那麼同樣的，你需要使用更加正式的語言來聽起來更加令人印象深刻、更加聰敏。然而總是使用正式的語言並不會讓別人覺得你容易親近，或者是容易與你建立聯繫，而且會讓你看起來有一點點刻板，有一點點無聊，隨著時間流逝，你想和同事們建立關係，就是那些和你一起工作的人，對吧？
However using formal language all the time doesn't make you very approachable or relatable and it can make you seem a little stiff or a little dull and over time, you'll want to build relationships with your colleagues, the people you work with, right?
So you'll want to relax your tone a little, make a joke, don't take yourself so seriously.
所以你需要放鬆一下自己的語氣，開個玩笑啊，不要總是那麼嚴肅。即使你和老闆或者是一些客戶關係還不錯，使用非正式的語言也可以幫助你與他們建立關係。
Even if you get along well with your boss or some clients, then using informal language can also help you to build relationships with them. It helps them to feel more comfortable with you and want to speak with you more.
這會讓他們覺得和你交流更加舒服，激發和你說話的欲望。這確實是在類似於澳大利亞啊、美國啊和英國啊這些英語國家很多職業工作環境運行的情況。
This is definitely how many professional working environments operate in English-speaking countries like Australia and the US and the UK?
It's really important to have these informal conversations with your colleagues to help them feel relaxed and really comfortable around you, to enjoy their time with you.
和同事們進行這些非正式對話，幫助他們感到和你在一起的時候更加放鬆更加舒適，享受和你在一起的時光是非常重要的。所以我已經解釋了我的立場。
So I've made my case. Now let's focus on the four common words that are not appropriate for casual, relaxed conversations.
那現在讓我們看看四個在隨意的放鬆的對話中並不合適的四個單詞吧。我會說一下它們在什麼時候是合適的，但是我也會給大家一些替代，幫助你們在其他的情境中聽起來更加放鬆、沒那么正式。
I'll talk about when they're appropriate but I'll also give you some alternatives to use to help you sound more relaxed and less formal in other situations. When you want to add more information, well you've been taught to use words like 'furthermore' and 'moreover' right?
當你想要加入更多的信息的時候，別人是教過你使用像「此外」、「除此之外」這種詞彙，對吧？當你寫文章、做展示或者是在辯論中支撐自己的論點的時候，用這些詞彙是非常好的。
Now these words are great to use when you're writing an essay or if you're giving a presentation or you're trying to support your argument in a debate.
They're brilliant words but you will rarely hear native English speakers using them in everyday conversation because they're just too formal for conversational English.
它們都是很棒的詞彙，但是你很少聽到英語母語者在日常對話中使用他們，因為它們對於英語對話而言過於正式了。我幾天之前去了我最喜歡的印度餐廳，他們菜單上出了幾道新品，我想多了解一下這些菜。
I was at my favourite Indian restaurant a few days ago and they have a few new things on the menu and I wanted to find out a little more about the dishes.
So when I asked the waiter and she's absolutely gorgeous, she was telling me "We have some new vegetable dishes moreover the lamb curry is really delicious."
所以當我詢問服務員的時候，她非常的大方，告訴我：「我們有幾道新的菜，除此之外，羊肉咖喱也非常美味。這是添加更多信息的非常正式的方式。
This is a really formal way to add more information. It sounds really odd.
聽起來非常奇怪。考慮到語境，使用非正式語言會更好。
Given the context, it's much better to use informal language. We have some new vegetable dishes and the lamb curry is really delicious as well!
我們有一些新的蔬菜菜餚，咖喱羊肉也非常好吃哦！儘管你們可能覺得使用更加凸顯自己聰明的詞彙總是更好的，但是並沒有那麼簡單哦。
Although you might think that using more intelligent words is always better, it's just not as simple as that. There are times when simpler and less formal words are much more appropriate.
有時候簡單點的、不那么正式的詞彙會更加合適。所以讓我們討論一下可以用來替代「另外」和「除此之外」的詞彙吧。
So let's talk about some alternatives that you can use instead of 'moreover' and 'furthermore'. Now these words add extra information or more important information, right?
這些詞彙可以增加額外信息或者是更多的重要信息，對吧？作為替代呢，你可以使用這些詞彙，比如說：另外，除之此外，也是，還有，或者是，也，此外等等。
So instead you could use words like: besides, or in addition to, as well, also or too, plus, what's more and on top of that. I think it will make a lot more sense with some examples.
我覺得舉點例子的話會更加容易理解。我們的對話進行得很好。
We had a great conversation. Furthermore, we've decided to meet later in the week.
除此之外，我們決定一周之內見面。我們的對話進行得很好。
We had a great conversation. We decided we'd meet later in the week too.
我們也決定一周之內見個面。更加放鬆，更好了呢！
Much more relaxed, much better! Texting while driving is really dangerous; moreover, it's illegal in Australia.
發簡訊的時候開車非常危險；除此之外，這在澳大利亞也是違法的。發簡訊的時候開車非常危險；除此之外，這在澳大利亞也是違法的。
Texting while driving is really dangerous; what's more, it's illegal in Australia. We have enough time to get something to eat before the show.
我們在表演之前有足夠的時間弄點東西吃。除此之外，我真的餓了！
Moreover, I'm hungry! We have enough time to get something to eat before the show. Besides, I'm hungry!
我們在表演之前有足夠的時間弄點東西吃。除此之外，我真的餓了！我的朋友看電影遲到了。
My friend was late for the movie. Furthermore, he forgot his wallet and I had to pay!
除此之外，他還忘記帶錢包了，所以我得付錢！我的朋友看電影遲到了。除此之外，他還忘記帶錢包了，所以我得付錢！
My friend was late for the movie and on top of that, he forgot his wallet and I had to pay! Learning how to use these less formal alternatives is a little tricky because not all of them work well in every situation.
學習如何使用這些不那么正式的替代詞彙可能有點點困難，因為並不是所有的這些詞彙在所有的情境中都是適用的。你需要從英語母語者哪裡得到一些反饋，從而知道在什麼時候使用它們是合適的、是正確的。
You do need to get a little bit of feedback from the native English speaker to learn when it's appropriate to use them correctly.
You could take classes with an online language school like Lingoda, all their teachers are native teachers so they can definitely help you with some of these little nuances in language.
大家可以參加類似於Lingoda這種線上語言學校，他們所有的老師都是母語者，所以他們完全可以幫助你們處理語言中的這些細微差別。任何的母語者老師或者是母語者都可以告訴你們什麼使用使用 「moreover」 和 「furthermore」 是正確的，什麼時候不合適。
Any native teacher or native speaker will be able to tell you when it's appropriate to use 'moreover' and 'furthermore' and also when it's not. But we can practise together here too.
但是我們可以一起練習一下。看看這裡的這個句子。
Take a look at this sentence right here. So what I want you to do is pause the lesson for a moment and try to rewrite that sentence in a more casual way as if you were just chatting with a friend.
我想讓大家做的是暫停一下這節課程，試著以一種更加隨意的方式重寫這個句子，就像在和朋友說話一樣。把你們的句子寫在下面的評論區吧。
Write your sentence down in the comments below. I'll try to check it and make sure that you're using it correctly.
我們去檢查一下，確保你們使用的都是對的。我們會使用這個單詞來介紹一種後果或者是結果，同樣的，當你在構架文章，或者是陳述論點的時候，這個單詞本身是很好的。
We use this word to introduce a consequence or result and again, this is a brilliant word when you're structuring an essay or you're making an argument. It's also brilliant in presentations or in formal speeches but it usually sounds a little weird if you use it in everyday conversation, it's just too formal.
在展示和正式演講中也是非常好的，但是如果在日常對話中使用的話，可能聽起來會有點奇怪，就是有點太正式了。讓我們看個例子吧。
Let's look at an example. We're visiting a cathedral therefore, you'll need to make sure your shoulders are covered.
我們正在參觀大教堂，所以呢，你們需要確保肩膀沒有露出來。我們正在參觀大教堂，所以呢，你們需要確保肩膀沒有露出來。
We're visiting a cathedral so you'll need to make sure your shoulders are covered. Quite a few people haven't replied yet and their names therefore will be removed from the guest list.
很多人都還沒有回覆，所以他們的名字會被從賓客名單中剔除。非常正式。
Quite formal. Quite a few people haven't replied yet so their names have been removed from the guest list.
很多人都還沒有回覆，所以他們的名字會被從賓客名單中剔除。就是這麼簡單。
It's that simple. When you're trying to be a little less formal, simply use 'so' instead of 'therefore'.
當你試著讓自己沒那么正式的時候，就用 「so」 替代 「therefore」 就行。現在我想讓大家試一下。
Now I want you to try. Pause the video for a minute and write your sentence below in the comments.
暫停這個視頻一分鐘，在評論區寫下自己的句子。我們使用這個單詞來進行對比。
We use this word to contrast. Now 'however' is used a little more often in spoken English but again it's quite formal, so it can make you sound a little stiff in a relaxed and casual conversation.
「However」 在英語口語中使用的更加頻繁一點，但是同樣的，它也比較正式，所以在放鬆的隨意的對話中會讓你聽起來有點點刻板。你能猜猜不那么正式的替代單詞是什麼嗎？
Can you guess what the less formal alternative might be? I think you'll be able to guess this one especially if you have an example.
我覺得你們可能已經猜到了這個是什麼了，尤其是如果你有一個例子的話。在那個角落有一家非常棒的義大利餐廳。
There's an awesome Italian restaurant around the corner. However, there are many other restaurants nearby.
然而附近有很多其他的餐廳。所以如果你在和朋友或者是同事說話的話，尤其是你非常熟悉的人，「however」 感覺在這個句子裡會有點不太和諧。
So if you're talking to a friend or a colleague, especially one that you know well, 'however' can feel a little jarring in this sentence. It's unnecessarily formal.
沒必要那么正式。所以你能猜一下這裡的非正式表達是什麼嗎？
So can you guess what the informal word might be? It's 'but'.
是 「but」。在那個角落有一家非常棒的義大利餐廳，然而附近還有很多其他的餐廳。
There's an awesome Italian restaurant around the corner but there are many other restaurants nearby. The cost of fuel has been rising.
燃料價格一直在上升。然而不太可能升得太高。
It's unlikely however, that it will go much higher. The cost of fuel has been rising but it's unlikely that it'll go much higher.
燃料價格一直在上升，然而不太可能升得太高。就是這樣子。
So there you have it. I'm often talking about expanding and broadening your English vocabulary and of course, this is absolutely necessary to move from an intermediate to advanced English user.
我經常會說要擴充詞彙量，當然了，這對於從中級到高級英語學習者而言是非常必要的。但是我希望這節課能夠讓大家明白，更加正式的、更加複雜的高級詞彙並不總是最好的。
But I hope that this lesson made it clear that more formal and more complex advanced words are not always better. If you've got any questions about this lesson or you want to practise some sentences with me down below, go ahead, add them to the comments down there.
如果你們對於這節課有什麼問題，或者是想要和我一起在下面練習幾個句子的話，那就寫在下面的評論區吧。我覺得就到這裡啦。
And I think we're done. You can connect with me on my socials down here, Facebook and Instagram and if you want to keep practising with me, well check out this one right here.
你們可以在我下方的社交平臺上，臉書啊，ins啊和我聯繫，如果你們想要繼續和我一起練習的話，那就看看這節課程吧。
I'll see you in there!
再見啦！