北京時間10月7日下午5點48分，諾貝爾頒獎委員會公布了2020年諾貝爾化學獎。法國科學家埃馬紐埃爾·卡彭蒂耶（Emmanuelle Charpentier）和美國科學家詹妮弗·A·杜德納（Jennifer A. Doudna）獲獎，獲獎理由是她們「開發出了CRISPR 基因編輯技術」。
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020 was awarded jointly to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna "for the development of a method for genome editing."
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020 to
Emmanuelle Charpentier
Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens, Berlin, Germany
Jennifer A. Doudna
University of California, Berkeley, USA
「for the development of a method for genome editing」
Genetic scissors: a tool for rewriting the code of lifeEmmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna have discovered one of gene technology’s sharpest tools: the CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors. Using these, researchers can change the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with extremely high precision. This technology has had a revolutionary impact on the life sciences, is contributing to new cancer therapies and may make the dream of curing inherited diseases come true.Researchers need to modify genes in cells if they are to find out about life’s inner workings. This used to be time-consuming, difficult and sometimes impossible work. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors, it is now possible to change the code of life over the course of a few weeks.「There is enormous power in this genetic tool, which affects us all. It has not only revolutionised basic science, but also resulted in innovative crops and will lead to ground-breaking new medical treatments,」 says Claes Gustafsson, chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.As so often in science, the discovery of these genetic scissors was unexpected. During Emmanuelle Charpentier’s studies of Streptococcus pyogenes, one of the bacteria that cause the most harm to humanity, she discovered a previously unknown molecule, tracrRNA. Her work showed that tracrRNA is part of bacteria’s ancient immune system, CRISPR/Cas, that disarms viruses by cleaving their DNA.Charpentier published her discovery in 2011. The same year, she initiated a collaboration with Jennifer Doudna, an experienced biochemist with vast knowledge of RNA. Together, they succeeded in recreating the bacteria’s genetic scissors in a test tube and simplifying the scissors』 molecular components so they were easier to use.In an epoch-making experiment, they then reprogrammed the genetic scissors. In their natural form, the scissors recognise DNA from viruses, but Charpentier and Doudna proved that they could be controlled so that they can cut any DNA molecule at a predetermined site. Where the DNA is cut it is then easy to rewrite the code of life.Since Charpentier and Doudna discovered the CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors in 2012 their use has exploded. This tool has contributed to many important discoveries in basic research, and plant researchers have been able to develop crops that withstand mould, pests and drought. In medicine, clinical trials of new cancer therapies are underway, and the dream of being able to cure inherited diseases is about to come true. These genetic scissors have taken the life sciences into a new epoch and, in many ways, are bringing the greatest benefit to humankind.Genetic scissors: a tool for rewriting the code of lifeEmmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna have discovered one of gene technology’s sharpest tools: the CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors. Using these, researchers can change the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with extremely high precision. This technology has had a revolutionary impact on the life sciences, is contributing to new cancer therapies and may make the dream of curing inherited diseases come true.閱讀更多 >>
Two women have been awarded the 2020 Nobel prize in chemistry for the discovery of the CRISPR genetic scissors used to edit the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with extremely high precision.
Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A Doudna will share the 10m Swedish kronor (£870,000) prize announced on Wednesday by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm – the first time that two women have shared the prize.
The researchers won the prize for 「for the development of a method for genome editing」, according to the formal citation from the Nobel committee.
On Monday, two Americans and a British virologist won the medicine prize for the discovery of the hepatitis C virus, paving the way for sensitive tests and antiviral drugs to cure the blood-borne infection.
Yesterday, an American astronomer, a German astrophysicist and a British mathematician, Sir Roger Penrose, shared the physics prize for their work on black hole formation and the discovery of a supermassive black hole at the centre of our galaxy.
年份
姓名國籍
2010
理察•赫克
在「鈀催化交叉偶聯反應」方面所作出的卓越貢獻
美國德拉瓦大學
美國
根岸英一
美國普渡大學
日本
鈴木章
日本北海道大學
日本
2011
丹尼爾•舍特曼
發現準晶體，改變了人們對固體物質結構的原有認識
以色列理工學院
以色列
2012
羅伯特•洛夫科維茨
在「G蛋白偶聯受體」方面所作出的突破性貢獻
美國杜克大學醫學中心霍華德·休斯醫學研究所
美國
布萊恩•克比爾卡
美國史丹福大學醫學院
美國
2013
馬丁•卡普拉斯
利用複雜化學體系設計多尺度模型
史特拉斯堡大學
美國和奧地利
麥可•萊維特
美國史丹福大學醫學院
美國和英國
亞利耶•瓦謝爾
美國南加州大學
美國
2014
艾力克•貝齊格
研製出超解析度螢光顯微鏡
美國霍華德·休斯醫學研究所
美國
斯特凡•W•赫爾
德國馬克斯·普朗克生物物理化學研究所、德國癌症研究中心
德國
W•E•莫爾納爾
美國史丹福大學
美國
2015
託馬斯•林達爾
在分子層面上解釋了細胞如何修復 DNA 並保護遺傳信息
英國弗朗西斯·克裡克研究所、英國克萊爾·霍爾實驗室
瑞典
保羅•莫德裡奇
美國霍華德·休斯醫學院、美國杜克大學
美國
阿齊茲•桑賈爾
北卡羅萊納大學教堂山分校
美國和土耳其
2016
讓-皮埃爾•紹瓦熱
發明了行動可控、在給予能源後可執行任務的分子機器
法國斯特拉斯堡大學
法國
弗雷澤•斯託達特公爵
美國西北大學
英國
伯納德•L•費林加
荷蘭格羅寧根大學
荷蘭
2017
雅克•杜本內
研發冷凍電鏡、簡化生物細胞的成像過程
洛桑大學
瑞士
約阿基姆•弗蘭克
哥倫比亞大學
德裔美籍
理察•亨德森
英國劍橋MRC分子生物學實驗室
蘇格蘭
2018
弗朗西斯•阿諾德
實現酶的定向進化
美國加州理工學院
美國
喬治•史密斯
肽類和抗體的噬菌體展示技術
美國密蘇裡大學
美國
格雷戈裡•溫特
英國劍橋MRC分子生物學實驗室
英國
2019
約翰•巴尼斯特•古迪納夫
發明鋰離子電池
美國德州大學
美國
斯坦利•威廷漢
紐約州立大學、賓漢姆頓大學材料研究所
英裔美籍
吉野彰
旭化成株式會社、名古屋明治大學
日本