如 a lot of books 許多書,a lot of milk 許多牛奶,two boxes of apples 兩箱蘋果,three cups of tea 三杯茶
四、名詞的所有格
1、表示有生命的東西的名詞,所有格一般在該名詞後加’s
如Jim’s sister(吉姆的姐姐);Li Ming’s book(李明的書)
2、以s結尾的複數名詞的所有格,只有名詞右上方加』。
如Teachers』Day(教師節)
3、以s結尾的單數名詞或人名可以加’s構成所有格
如 the boss’s letter (老闆的信)
(特例:以s結尾的人名的所有格的構成加’s或』均可,如James』book/James’s book詹姆斯的書)
4、如果某物為兩人共有,則只在後一個名詞詞尾加’s;如果不是共有的,則兩個名詞後要加’s
如:Jim and Kate’s room吉姆和凱特的房間(共有);Jane’s and Tom’s books珍和湯姆的書(不共有)
5、複合名詞的所有格在後一個名詞詞尾加’s構成
如:her son-in-law’s car(她女婿的車);
6.表示某人家,店鋪等生活,工作處所的所有格後的名詞常省略:
如:at Mr Wang’s(在王先生家);at the tailor’s(在裁縫店);at the barber’s(在理髮店)
7、有些表示時間、距離、國家、城市、團體、機構等名詞也可以在詞尾加’s構成所有格:
如:today’s newspaper(今天的報紙);ten minutes』walk(步行十分鐘的路程);Beijing’s street(北京的街道)
8、物主如為無生命的名詞,通常用「of+名詞」結構來構成所有格:如the name of the hospital(醫院的名稱);the centre of the city(市中心)
9、表示某物的一部分或抽象概念時,常用「of+名詞」結構表示所有格:
如:the top of the house房屋的頂部(一部分);the cost of living生活費用(抽象意義)
10、如果在表示所屬物的名詞前有冠詞、數詞、不定代詞或指示代詞時,常用「of+所有格」的形式,即雙重所有格,來表示所屬關係:
如:a friend of my father’s=one of my father’s friends(我父親的一位朋友)
(還有一些表示「的」的詞,如to,for,from。the answer to the question 問題的答案,the key to the door 門的鑰匙,a ticket for the concert音樂會的票,a student from Beijing來自北京的學生)
五.常用近義名詞的區別
見下面表格:
1.family指「家庭」時,強調全體;指「家裡人」時強調個體,與住房無關:My family is a big one.My family are having supper now.
home指「家」,表示同一家庭共同生活的地方,具有感情色彩Kate has left home for school.可作副詞也可作名詞,意思是「在家」:I had to stay (at) home to do my homework.
house指「住宅」、「住房」The Greens live in a big house.
2.man總稱「人」、「人類」,用單數
So far,the moon has been visited by man.
總稱「男人」,用單數,不用冠詞:Man is stronger than woman. 指個體「男人」,有單、複數:There are two men and three women over there.
people泛指「人們」,表示複數概念:People often work in the day.
指「人」的個體,但只表示複數概念:There are five people in my family.
前面加定冠詞指「人民」,表示複數概念:Let’s work for the people.
指「民族」時,有單、複數之分:The Chinese people is a hardworking people.
person強調「人」的個體,有單、複數之分:There are five persons in my family.
3.police總稱「警察」,表示複數概念:The police were standing there.
指「警察」的個體,但只表示複數概念:There are several police/policemen watching the traffic.
policeman強調「警察」的個體,有單、複數之分:My father is a policeman.
4.universe指「宇宙萬物」,強調物質概念:When we talk about the universe,we mean the earth, the sun,the moon and many other stars.
space指「太空」、「宇宙空間」,強調空間概念:Many countries have sent up the satellites into space.
「空間」、「餘地」、「空地」:There is no space on the bus.
六、例題剖析
例1. You should take more _______. Don’t always sit at the desk busy doing your_______.
A. exercise, exercise
B. exercises, exercises
C. exercises, exercise
D. exercise, exercises
【答案】D
exercise作「運動」講時,是不可數名詞;作「練習」講時,是可數名詞,有複數形式。本句第一空為「多做運動」,第二空為「練習」。
例2 .Li Ling wants to be a singer. She thinks it’s an interesting_______.
A. work B. job
C. art D. career
【答案】B
本題考查名詞辨析。由an修飾可數名詞,可知應選job。
例3.The _______now is that we have lots of _______to ask.
A. problem, questions
B. question, problems
C. question, problem D. problem, question
【答案】A