最近有同學在外刊社群裡面問到了一個問題:
有疑問的是這一個句子:
Astronauts and cosmonauts commute to an International Space Station that has little purpose beyond providing a destination for their capsules, whose design would have been familiar in the 1960s.後半句中whose指代capsules,would have done在這裡表示一種猜測用法,即「這些太空艙的設計在上世紀60年代的人看來可能會很熟悉」,作者在這裡使用would have done的猜測用法來表達對過去數十年間太空技術發展的失望:即使是今天的飛船在上世紀60年代的人眼中也平平無奇。
很多同學因為受到虛擬語氣用法的影響,會認為像would/could/might have done這樣的結構只能用來表示與過去事實相反的假設情況。實際上,情態動詞+have done還可以用來表示對事物的推測。
舉個例子,新概念3第一課裡面就有這樣的句子:
As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.(由於全國的動物園沒有一家報告丟了美洲獅,因此那隻美洲獅一定是某位私人收藏家豢養的,不知怎麼設法逃出來了)
這裡使用must have been來對美洲獅的來源進行推測。第三課裡面有這樣的句子:
The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.(這座古城肯定一度很繁榮,因為它曾享有高度的文明)
這裡must have been是對過去的推測。BBC新聞裡面也有這樣一個句子:
She showed a firm command of the issues, which she effectively mixed with personal touches. While citing her daughter, who died of drug addiction, during a question on marijuana legalisation could have seemed forced, her answer came across as sincere.句子意思是:她對這些議題展現出了熟練的掌控度,並有效地將它們和個人風格相結合。在關於大麻合法化的問題上她提到了自己因吸毒而喪生的女兒,儘管這一做法可能會顯得做作,但她的回答給人的感覺很真誠。
這裡作者用could have seemed forced來推測引用女兒案例可能會給人帶來的不真誠感覺。
除了「情態動詞+have done」之外,我們也可以用「情態動詞+do」或者「情態動詞+be doing」來表示對事物的肯定推測,比如:
(1) His fans would already be familiar with Caroline. 他的崇拜者們肯定已經很熟悉卡羅琳了。
(2) The bus must be coming soon. (公交車估計很快就要來了)
值得注意的一點是,must表示推測時一般不用於否定句和疑問句,它的否定形式常用can’t/couldn’t,比如我們可以說:
Where can John have put the matches? He can’t have thrown them away. (約翰能把火柴放在哪兒呢?他應該不會把它們扔掉的)
He couldn't have been more than fourteen years old. (他不可能超過14歲。)
這裡不能說:He mustn’t have thrown them away. / He mustn’t have been more than fourteen years old. 因為mustn’t通常用來表示強烈的禁止意味(used in negative sentences to say that something should not happen, because of a rule or law or because of the situation),比如:You mustn’t use the office phone for private calls.
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