專題九 被動語態
動詞語態分為兩大類：主動語態和被動語態。 主動語態：主語是動作的執行者。 被動語態：主語是動作的承受者。動作的執行者由by連接的短語表示，常譯為「被、由」。
對於英語的被動語態，我們可以以下五個方面來掌握。
一、主語與謂語動詞的邏輯關係 被動語態表示句子的主語是謂語動詞動作的承受者或對象。 如：Computers are widely used in our work and daily life. 電腦在我們的工作和日常生活中廣泛應用。(computers就是use的對象或承受者)
二、表示被動語態的形式 (1)基本形式：主語 + be + vt.的過去分詞 + (by + sb.) This song is often sung by children at school. 這首歌經常在學校被孩子們唱。
常見被動語態的時態：
①一般現在時：am/is/are+ vt.的過去分詞；
②一般過去時：was / were + vt.的過去分詞；
③一般將來時：will / shall / be going to + be + vt.的過去分詞；
④現在完成時：have / has + been + vt.的過去分詞；
⑤過去完成時：had + been + vt.的過去分詞；
⑥現在進行時：am/is/are + being + vt.的過去分詞；
⑦過去進行時：was / were + being + vt.的過去分詞
⑧過去將來時：would + be + vt.的過去分詞
注意：被動語態不用於將來進行時及完成進行時。
(2)其他形式： (選學)
①主語 + be + vt. 的過去分詞 + (by +. sb.)+賓語/ 介詞 + 賓語
A. 主語 + be + vt. 的過去分詞 + (by + sb.)+ 賓語/to +賓語 I was shown his gold medal there. 在那裡他給我看了他的金牌。 His gold medal was shown to me. 他的金牌給我看了。 能用於這一句型的常見動詞有bring，give，hand，lend，offer，pass，post，send，show，teach，tell，throw，write等。
B. 主語 + be + vt. 的過去分詞 + (by + sb.)+ 賓語 /for +賓語 I was bought a new dictionary (by my father). 我父親給我買了一本新字典。 A new dictionary was bought for me (by my father). 我父親給我買了一本新字典。 能用於這一句型的常見動詞有buy，call，cook，do，get，make，save等。
②主語 + be + vt. 的過去分詞 + (by + sb.)+ 主語的補足語 Jim was made chairman at the meeting. Jim在會上被推選為主席。 Li Lei was seen to break the glass this moming. 李雷今天上午被人看到打碎了那塊玻璃。 能用於這一句型的常見動詞有feel，hear，make，observe，see，watch等。特別注意的是，在主動語態中，不定式做賓語的補足語，不定式前面的小品詞to必須省略，而在被動語態中，不定式做主語的補足語，不定式的小品詞to必須補上。
③主語 +情態動詞(can/could/may/might/must/should/ought to)+ be + 動詞的過去分詞 + (by + sb.) Water can be turned into ice. 水能轉變成冰。 Your essay should be rewritten again. 你的論文應該還重新修改一遍。
④主語 +be + 短語動詞的過去分詞 + (by + sb.) His words should be paid much attention to. 應該多注意他的話。 The children in China are taken good care of now. 現在中國的孩子被照料得很好。 注意：動詞後面的介詞或副詞不能省略。
⑤形式主語(It) +be + vt.的過去分詞 +主語從句 It is reported that our team has won the game again. 據報導，我們隊又贏了比賽。 能用於這一句型的常見動詞有believe，expect，know，report，say，suppose，think等。這一句型也可變為： 主語 + be + vt. 的過去分詞+不定式短語 The Mars is believed to have no life on it. 火星被確認無生命跡象。 Our team is reported to have won the game again. 據報導，我們隊又贏了比賽。
三、被動語態的用法
被動語態往往表示一種客觀的事實，有時語氣比較生硬，沒有商量的餘地，從而令人難以接受，因此，切不可隨便使用。在能用主動語態表示時，儘量使用主動語態，只有在下面的情況中才使用被動語態。
①說不出動作的執行者或沒有必要說出動作的執行者; 如：The classroom had been cleaned when I got there.
當我到達教室的時候，教室已經被人打掃過了。
(教室究竟是誰打掃的，說話者並不知道)
②為了突出或強調動作的承受者或對象;如：Homework must be finished before school is over.
作業必須在放學之前做完。(強調 Homework)
③為了修辭的需要，使句子間的聯繫更緊密。如: I have a new motorbike. It was given to me by my father yesterday as my birthday present. 我有一臺新摩託車。它是昨天我父親買給我作為生日禮物的。(顯然，It指代 the new bike就與上文的a new motorbike緊密相連)
四、不能使用被動語態的情況
(1)不及物動詞沒有被動形式。特別要注意漢語中帶名詞或代詞做賓語的動詞，如belong，die，happen，occur，take place等不及物動詞。 如：A terrible traffic accident happened on the road yesterday. (昨天在公路上發生了一起可怕的交通事故。)就不能改寫為：A terrible traffic accident is happened on the road yesterday.
(2)一些靜態的及物動詞也不能用於被動語態。如agree with，fit，have，hold，own，suit等。 如：I don’t agree with Jack. (我不同意Jack的觀點。)就不能改寫為：Jack isn ' t agreed with.
五、主動形式表被動意義如：The pen writes well. 這支筆很好寫。 The food tastes good. 這些食物嘗起來味道很好。
His house is comfortable to live in. 他的房子住起來很舒服。
實戰演練(2×50) 計分:
1._____ a new library _____ in our school last year?
A. Did ; build B. Was ; built C. Is; built
2.An accident ____ on this road last week.
A. was happened B. has happened C.happened
3. --- This kind of rice tastes nice. Do you know where it is grown?
--- Yes, it _______ in Southeast China.
A. was grew B. is grown C. is growing
4.So far, the moon ____ by man already.
A. is visited B. has been visited C. was visited
5.A talk on Chinese history _____ in the school hall next week.
A. is given B. has been given C. will be given
6.A lot of things ____ by people to save the little girl now.
A. are doing B. are being done C. will be done
7.The doctor _____ for yet.
A. isn't sent B. wasn't sent C. hasn't been sent
8. ---When ___ this kind of computer ______?
---Last year.
A. was; made B. did; make C .are; made
9.Who _____ this book _____?
A. did; write B. was; written by C. is; written
10.Mary ____ show me her new dictionary.
A. has asked to B. was asked to C. is asked
11.A story _____ by Granny yesterday.
A. was told to us B. was told us C. is told us
12.The monkey was seen _____ off the tree.
A. jumped B. jumps C. to jump
13.Older people ____ well.
A. must be looked after B. looks after C. must look after
14.Our teacher ______ carefully.
A. should be listened B. should be listened to C. are listened
15. In some part of the world, tea _______ with milk and sugar.
A. is served B. serves C. served
16. --- Did you win the basketball game?
--- Bad luck. Our team _______ in the final one.
A. won B. was won C. was beaten
17. Do you think that the bridge ______ in a year?
A. would be completed B. will be completed C. is completed
18. Great changes _______ in China since 1949.
A. have taken place B. have been taken place C. took place
19. ---Why does Ling Ling look so unhappy?
---She has _______ by her classmates.
A. laughed B. been laughed C. been laughed at
20. Doctors _______ in every part of the world.
A. need B. are needing C. are needed
21. This painting _______ to a museum in New York in 1977.
A. sells B. sold C. was sold
22. The television _______. It doesn’t work now.
A. must repair B. must be repaired C. has repaired
23. --- Do you think that the classroom _______ every day?
--- Yes, I think so.
A. should clean B. should be cleaning C. should be cleaned
24. I believe that those mountains _______ with trees in a few years』 time.
A. are covered B. will be covered C. will cover
25. It is said that about 400 cars _______ in the factory next month.
A. will produce B. are produced C. will be produced
26. I wasn’t at home yesterday. I _______ to help with the harvest on the farm.
A. was asked B.was asking C. asked
27. ---Are you free this afternoon?
---No. I』ll have an English composition _______ this afternoon.
A. to write B. wrote C. to be written
28. --- Where are the boys?
--- Oh, they _______ basketball on the playground just now.
A. were seen play B. were seen to play C. had seen play
29. --- Can you sing this English song?
--- Of course I can. It _______ often _______ by children.
A. is; sang B.was ; sang C.is ; sung
30. ---What did Miss Zhang say to you just now?
---She said that all the books should ___ to the library on time.
A. are returned B. return C. be returned
31. When and where to build the new factory _______ yet.
A. is not decided B. have not been decided C. has not been decided
32. Paul doesn’t have to be made _______. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned
33. A football match _______ in our school next Monday.
A. will hold B. will be held C. is going to hold
34. ----What’s happened to Joe?
---- ________ to a hospital.
A. He’s taken B. He’s been taken C. He』ll be taken
35.--- Did you go to the party yesterday?
---- No, I ________.
A. wasn’t invited B. was invited C. didn’t invite
36. Today the forests have almost gone. People must ______ down too many trees.
A. stop from cutting B. stop to cut C. be stopped from cutting
37 .He was seen ________ something from the shop.
A. steal B. to steal C. to be stolen
38. One of the club activties ________ by Mr Smith.
A. is holding B. are held C. is held
39. This kind of medicine ________ in a dry and cool place.
A. must keep B. kept C. must be kept
40. The dog _________ an hour ago.
A.died B.has died C.has been dead
41. ---Mary, you ____ on the phone.
--- Thank you, Mom.
A. are wanted B. will be wanted C. have wanted
42. This book ________ well in the shop.
A. sells B. is selling C. is sold
43.The windows__________ after school is over.
A.usually closed B.are usually closed C.are usually closing
44.They sat at the table until all the food __________ .
A.was eating B.was eaten C.were eaten
45.I don’t know the restaurant, but it ___________to be quite a good one.
A.is said B.is told C.is spoken
46. The old man was quite weak after the accident, so he _______.
A. must be taken care B. must take care of C. must be looked after
47. ----I feel very happy that I __________ to be the host.
----Congratulations.
A. choose B. am chsoen C. was chosen
48.Trees and grass __________ every year to protect our environment.
A.is planted B.are planted C.have planted
49.English _________in Canada, Australia and New Zealand as well as America.
A.speaks B.is speaking C.is spoken
50. ---Look at the sign on the wall.
--- Oh, parking _______ here.
A. doesn’t allow B.isn’t allowed C. wasn’t allowed
參考答案
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26-30AABCC 31-35CBBBA 36-40CBCCA 41-45AABBA 46-50CCBCB
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