本次英語語法專題我們學習「直接引語和間接引語」，具體內容如下：
引述或轉述別人的話稱為「引語」。直接引用別人的話，兩邊用引號「」標出，叫作直接引語；用自己的語言轉述別人的話，不需要引號，叫作間接引語。實際上間接引語大都是賓語從句（其中由祈使句轉換的間接引語除外，其轉換後是不定式）。直接引語轉換為間接引語時，句子的結構、人稱、時態、時間狀語和地點狀語等都要有變化。
一、人稱的轉化
人稱的轉換不是固定的，要符合邏輯，具體情況具體對待。
1）直接引語中的第一人稱，一般轉換為第三人稱
例句：He said,"Iam very happy."
→He said that hewas very happy.
他說他很開心。
2）直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對轉述人說的，轉換為第一人稱。
例句："Youshould not give up hope," my father told me.
→My father told me that Ishould not give up hope.
父親告訴我不應該放棄希望。
3）直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話針對第三人稱說的，轉換成第三人稱
例句：She said to her son,"I'll check your homework tonight."
→She said to her son that shewould check his homework that night.
她對她的兒子說那天晚上會檢查他的作業。
4）人稱的轉換包括人稱代詞、形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞等
例句：He asked me,"Will yougo to the airport with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon ?"
→He asked me whether Iwould go to the airport with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
他問我那天下午是否和他去機場見他的一個朋友。
二、時態的轉換
直接引語改為間接引語時，主句如果是過去式，從句（即間接引語部分）在時態方面要作相應的變化，變成過去時範疇的各種時態（實際也是賓語從句的時態要求），變化如下：
如果主句為過去時態，則間接引語的時態一般應相應向前推一個時態。如下表所示：
例句："I amvery glad to visit your school,"she said.
→She said she wasvery glad to visit our school.
她說她非常高興參觀我們的學校。
例句：Tom said,"we are listeningto the classical music."
→Tom said that they were listeningto classical music.
湯姆說他們正在聽古典音樂。
例句：Mother asked,"Haveyou finished your homework before you play video game ?"
→Mother asked me whether I had finishedmy homework before I played video game.
媽媽問我在打電子遊戲之前是否已經完成了家庭作業。
例句：He asked the driver,"Where shallI get off to change to a No. 5 bus ?"
→He asked the driver where he would getoff to change to a No. 5 bus.
他問司機他應該在哪裡下車換乘五路公交車。
例句："Why didn'tshe attend the chemical class ?" the teacher asked.
→The teacher asked why she hadn't attendedthe chemical class.
老師問她為什麼沒上化學課。
例句：Tom said,"They were havinga basketball match this time yesterday.
→Tom said that they were havinga basketball match that time the day before.
湯姆說那天這個時間他們正在進行一場籃球賽。
例句：He said,"I haven't heard from my parents these days."
→He said that he hadn't heardfrom his parents those days.
他說那些天他沒有收到父母的來信。
三、直接引語變成間接引語時，從句時態無需改變的情況
1）主句是一般現在時，表示經常發生的、習慣性的動作
例句：He always says,"I am tired out."
→He always saysthat he is tired out.
他總說他很疲倦。
2）主句是將來時
例句：He willsay,"I will answer the letters for you."
→He willsay that he will answer the letters for me.
他說他將幫我回復這些來信。
3）直接引語部分帶有具體的過去時間狀語
例句：He said,"I wentto Beijing in 1994."
→He told us that he wentto Beijing in 1994.
他告訴我們他1994年去的北京。
4）直接引語中有以when，while引導的從句，表示過去的時間
例句：He said,"When I was a child,I usually played football after school."
→He said that when he was a child,he usually played football after school.
他說當他是個孩子的時候，他經常放學後踢足球。
5）直接引語是客觀真理或自然現象
例句：Our teacher said to us,"The earth travelsaround the sun."
→Our teacher told us that the earth travelsaround the sun.
老師告訴我們地球圍繞太陽轉。
6）直接引語是諺語、格言
例句：He said,"Good medicine tastesbitter to the mouth,but is good for a disease."
→He said that good medicine tastesbitter to the mouth,but is good for a disease.
他說良藥苦口利於病。
7）直接引語中有情態動詞should，would，could，might，must，ought to，need
例句：The doctor said,"You'd better drinkplenty of water."
→The doctor said I'd better drinkplenty of water.
醫生說我最好多喝開水。
例句：He said,"She must bea doctor."
→He said that she must bea doctor.
他說她一定是個醫生。
例句：He said,"She ought to have arrivedat her office by now."
→He said that she ought to have arrivedat her office by then.
他說她那時應該已經到她辦公室了。
例句：The manager said,"You needn't handin your reports today."
→The manager said that we needn't handin your reports that day.
經理說我們沒必要交上我們的報告。
注意！轉述中的變化要因實際情況而定，不能機械照搬，如果當地轉述，here不必改成there，動詞come不必改為go，如果當天轉述，yesterday、tomorrow、this afternoon等均不必改變。
例句：Teacher:You may have the ball game this afternoon.
Student:What did the teacher say,Monitor?
Monitor:He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.
四、時間、地點狀語及某些對比性的指示代詞和動詞變化
指示代詞、時間狀語、方向性動詞及情態動詞的變化如下表所示：
五、各種句式的變化
1）陳述句
用連詞that引導，that在口語中常省略。主句的謂語動詞可用直接引語中的said，也可用told代替。注意：可以說said that，said to sb. that，不可直接說told that。主句中的謂語動詞還可常用repeat、whisper、answer、reply、explain、announce、declare、think等。
例句：He said,"I have been to the Palace Museum."
→He said to us thathe had been to the Palace Museum.
他對我們說他已經去過故宮了。
例句：The teacher said,"I'll give you an examination next Monday."
→The teacher told us thathe would give us an examination the next Monday.
老師告訴我們說下周一他將給我們進行一次考試。
例句：He said,"I'm late because of the bad weather."
→He explained to us thathe was late because of the bad weather.
他對我們解釋說他遲到的原因是天氣不好。
2）疑問句
①一般疑問句或反問疑問句
間接引語用連詞whether或if引導，原主句中謂語動詞said要改為asked（me/him/us等），語序是陳述句的語序，這一點非常重要。
例句：He said,"Do you have any difficulty with your writing?"
→He asked (me) whether/ifI had any difficulty with my writing.
他問我在寫作方面是否有困難。
例句：He said,"You are interested in basketball,aren't you?"
→He asked whether/ifI was interested in basketball.
他問我對籃球是否感興趣。
②選擇疑問句
間接引語用whether...or...表達，而不用if...or...，也不用either...or...。
例句：He asked,"Do you speak English orFrench?"
→He asked me whetherI spoke English or French.
他問我說英語還是法語。
例句：I asked,"Will you take a bus ortake a train?"
→I asked him whetherhe would take a bus or take a train.
我問他是乘公共汽車還是乘火車。
③特殊疑問句
改成間接引語時，原來的疑問詞作為間接引語的連詞，主句的謂語動詞用ask （sb.）來表達，語序為陳述句語序。
例句：He asked,"Where are you from?"
→He asked (me) where I was from.
他問我來自什麼地方。
例句：He asked,"How many airports have been built in your country?"
→He asked us how many airports had been builtin our country.
他問我們在我們國家已經建了多少機場。
④含有請求、建議的疑問句
可用ask sb. To do sth. / suggest doing / advise sb. to do sth.等形式轉述。
例句："Would you mind closing the window?" he asked.
→He asked me to closethe window.
他讓我關上窗戶。
例句："Why not going out for a walk?" he asked us.
→He advised us to go out for a walk.
他建議我們出去散步。
3）祈使句
改為間接引語，用帶to的不定式表達，謂語動詞常是ask、advise、tell、warn、order、request等，如ask sb. to do（由肯定祈使句轉變），ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句轉變），並且在不定式短語中的時間狀語、地點狀語、人稱及時態都作相應的變化。
例句：He said,"Stand up,please."
→He asked us to standup.
他讓我們站起來。
例句："Do be careful with your handwriting." He said.
→He told me to becareful with my handwriting.
他讓我寫字認真點。
例句："Never come here again!" the officer said to the villagers.
→The officer ordered the villagers never to gothere again.
這名官員命令這些村民永遠別再去那兒。
例句："Don't touch anything in the lab without permission," the teacher said.
→The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.
這位老師警告學生們未經允許不要觸摸實驗室裡的任何東西。
含有「建議」、「勸告」的祈使句，可用suggest，insist，offer等動詞轉述。
例句：He said,"Let's have a rest."
→He suggested our/us having a rest.
他建議我們休息一下。
例句：He said,"Let me help you."
→He offered to help me.
他主動提出幫我。
4）感嘆句
變間接引語可用what或how引導，也可用that引導。
例句：She said,"What a lovely girl she is!"
→She said what a lovely girl she was.
或She said that she was a lovely girl.
她說多可愛的小姑娘啊！
以上就是「直接引語和間接引語」的內容，咱們一定要結合例句學習句法和語法，這樣更容易理解和實操英語！
後面有更多英語專題內容分享給大家，感興趣的朋友可以點擊「關注」。
歡迎各位留言討論，或者收藏，或者轉發給身邊的親朋好友，大家一起學習、共同進步。
學好英語並不難，聽說讀寫重複練！堅持就會有提高，加油！