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Alexander Henderson (1831-1913)
Born in Scotland, Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855 and became a well-known landscape photographer
Henderson 出生在蘇格蘭，1855年移民到了加拿大，並成為了一位著名的風景攝影師。
Alexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful merchant. His grandfather, also called Alexander, had founded the family business, and later became the first chairman of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive landholdings in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh, it owned Press Estate, 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle, the large mansion on the northern edge of the property, and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area, playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby.
Alexander Henderson 1831年出生在蘇格蘭，是一位成功商人的兒子。他的祖父，也叫Alexander,開創了家族企業，後來成為了蘇格蘭國家銀行的第一位主席。這個家族在蘇格蘭擁有大量廣闊的土地。除了在愛丁堡的住所外，還坐擁 Press 產業，一塊距離愛丁堡市東南35英裡、佔地面積650英畝的農田。一家人經常來到位於這塊田地北部邊緣的大莊園即Press 城堡小住，而Alexander 童年的許多時光都在這裡度過，要麼在Eyemouth 附近的海灘上玩耍，要麼在附近的溪流邊垂釣。
Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh, Henderson returned to Press at weekends. In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career, he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855, however, he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder Robertson and they settled in Montreal.
即使在去了愛丁堡市郊的Murcheston學院念書以後，Henderson還是會在周末回到Press。在1849年，他開始了為期三年的學徒期，成為一名準會計。儘管從未喜愛過這份商業性工作的前景，他還是堅持從事這份工作，為的是讓他的家族開心。但是，在1855年10 月，他與妻子Agnes Elder Robertson 移民去了加拿大，他們定居在蒙特婁。
Henderson learned photography in Montreal around the year 1857 and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a personal friend and colleague of the Scottish-Canadian photographer William Notman. The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Henderson acted as chairman of the association’s first meeting, which was held in Notman’s studio on 11 January 1860.
Henderson 大約在1857年左右在蒙特婁學習了攝影術，並很快就將這項業餘愛好培養得像模像樣。他成為了蘇格蘭裔加拿大攝影師William Notman的好友和同事。兩人在1860年去往尼亞加拉大瀑布進行了一場攝影之旅，他們還在 1865 年合作進行了利用鎂照明彈作為一種人造光源的試驗。他們參加了相同的社團，是蒙特婁藝術協會的共同創辦成員。Henderson 作為主席主持了這個協會的第一次會議，它於1860 年1月11日在Notman的工作室裡舉行。
In spite of their friendship, their styles of photography were quite different. While Notman’s landscapes were noted for their bold realism, Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images, showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape photographs. The publication had limited circulation (only seven copies have ever been found), and was called Canadian Views and Studies. The contents of each copy vary significantly and have proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson’s early work.
雖然二人的友誼甚篤，他們的攝影風格卻截然不同。Notman 的風景照因其大膽直白的現實主義而聞名，而Herderson 在自己職業生涯的頭 20 年裡拍攝的卻是浪漫主義畫面，顯示出他受到了英國風景畫傳統的濃厚影響。他在藝術性和技術性方面的進步極快，在1865年，他出版了自己的第一套風景照片大合集。這套冊子的出版流通有限(目前只找到了七本)，取名為《加拿大風景與研究》。每一本中的內容都與其他本迥然不同，成為了評估Henderson早期作品的一個有用來源。
In 1866, he gave up his business to open a photographic studio, advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views. His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes, houses, and markets are alive with human activity, and although his favourite subject was landscape he usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land, cutting ice on a river, or sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for these types of scenes and others he took depicting the lumber trade, steamboats and waterfalls to enable him to make a living. There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of the equipment. People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirs of a trip or as gifts, and catering to this market, Henderson had stock photographs on display at his studio for mounting, framing, or inclusion in albums.
在1866 年，他放棄了自己的原職，開設了一家攝影工作室，將自己宣傳為一名人像與風景攝影師。從大約 1870 年開始，他徹底放棄了人像攝影，專注於拍攝風景照和其他景象照。他拍下了數不勝數的城市生活照片，這些街道景象、房屋和市場全都因為有了芸芸眾生活動其中而顯得充滿生機，雖然他最喜愛的題材是風景照，但他通常會將自己的畫面構建在這樣一些普通人的煙火生活上，例如耕種農田、河上取冰或沿林中溪流泛舟而下。對於他所拍攝的這類景象和其他描繪伐木活計、蒸汽船和瀑布的影像的需求量充足，從而令他可以賴此謀生。在19 世紀80年代末期之前，幾乎沒有其他愛好類或業餘類攝影行當來與他競爭，因為拍攝照片要牽扯到費時頗久的技術和沉重的設備。人們想要購買相片作為一趟旅行的紀念品或是禮物，而為了迎合這一市場需求，Henderson 在自己的工作室裡展出了大量儲備照片，以供隨時鑲嵌、加框，或收錄集結成冊。
Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and abroad, in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, New York, and Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and H T Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition in Paris.
Henderson 時常將他的攝影作品展出在蒙特婁和國外各地，曾去過倫敦、愛丁堡、都柏林、巴黎、紐約和費城。他於1877和1878年在紐約獲得了更大的成功，因為使用漫反射處理手法拍攝風景而贏得了由E and H T Anthony and Company 舉辦的攝影展頭獎。同在1878 年，他的作品在巴黎世界展覽會上贏得了二等獎。
In the 1870s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout Quebec and Ontario, in Canada, documenting the major cities of the two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on the Blanche, du Lievre, and other noted eastern rivers. He went on several occasions to the Maritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same year, while in the lower St Lawrence River region, he took some photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and Ottawa. In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia, where he took photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction.
在19 世紀70 年代和80 年代，Henderson 廣泛遊歷了加拿大的魁北克和安大略地區，用影像記錄下了這兩個省份中的主要城市和魁北克的許多村莊。他尤其偏愛曠野景色，常常乘著獨木舟漂流在Blanche河、du Lievre河和其他許多條知名的北部河流上。他數次前往Maritimes，在1872 年，他乘坐帆船走遍了St Lawrence 河的北部低地沿岸。同一年裡，在St Lawrence河地區，他拍下了一些殖民地際鐵路的建築照片。這一舉動在1875 年促成了那家鐵路公司委託他拍攝記錄當時快要竣工的、連接蒙特婁和哈利法克斯鐵路沿線的主要建築。來自其他鐵路公司的委託也隨之接踵而至。在1876 年，他拍下了魁北克線、蒙特婁線、渥太華線以及蒙特婁到渥太華之間的西洋鐵路沿線上的各架橋梁。在1885年，他沿加拿大太平洋鐵路(簡稱 CPR)一路向西，最遠來到了不列顛哥倫比亞的Rogers Pass，在那裡拍攝了群山風景和正在進行中的建築工程。
In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and administer. His duties included spending four months in the field each year. That summer he made his second trip west, photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria. He continued in this post until 1897, when he retired completely from photography.
在1892年，Henderson 接受了來自CPR 的一份作為攝影部門經理的全職工作，他要為這家公司創立並領導這樣一個部門。他的職責包括每年在野外待上四個月的時間。那年夏天他第二次出發向西而行，沿鐵路一線廣泛拍攝沿途風光，最遠去到了維多利亞市。他在這個職位上一直工作到1897年，然後就此退休，再沒有進行過攝影活動。
When Henderson died in 1913, his huge collection of glass negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, and the McCord Museum of Canadian History, Montreal.
Henderson 於1913年去世，他的海量玻璃底片都儲藏在他住所的地下室裡。如今，他的作品展覽分別位於渥太華的加拿大國家檔案館和蒙特婁的麥考得加拿大歷史博物館中。