紐時 | 被Pornhub毀掉的孩子

|新聞正文|

英文部分選自《The New York Times》

Pornhub prides itself on being the cheery, winking face of naughty, the website that buys a billboard in Times Square and provides snow plows to clear Boston streets. It donates to organizations fighting for racial equality and offers steamy content free to get people through Covid-19 shutdowns.

Pornhub以其扮活潑鬼臉的調皮態度而自豪，這家網站會在時報廣場購買廣告牌，會提供掃雪機清理波士頓的街道。它向爭取種族平等的機構捐款，並提供免費的色情內容幫助人們熬過新冠疫情期間的封鎖。

That supposedly 「wholesome Pornhub」 attracts 3.5 billion visits a month, more than Netflix, Yahoo or Amazon. Pornhub rakes in money from almost three billion ad impressions a day. One ranking lists Pornhub as the 10th-most-visited website in the world.

這個所謂的「身心健全Pornhub」每月能吸引35億次訪問，超過了Netflix、雅虎或亞馬遜。每天近30億的廣告曝光量讓Pornhub賺得盆滿缽滿。一項排名將Pornhub列為世界上訪問量第十高的網站。

Yet there’s another side of the company: Its site is infested with rape videos. It monetizes child rapes, revenge pornography, spy cam videos of women showering, racist and misogynist content, and footage of women being asphyxiated in plastic bags. A search for 「girls under18」 (no space) or 「14yo」 leads in each case to more than 100,000 videos. Most aren’t of children being assaulted, but too many are.

然而，這家公司也有另一面：它的網站上充斥著強姦視頻。它將強姦兒童、復仇式色情、偷拍女性洗澡、種族主義和厭女內容、以及婦女被困在塑膠袋裡窒息的片段當作盈利手段。每次搜索「girls under18」（女孩 不滿18）或者「14yo」（14歲）都能得到超過10萬條視頻結果。大多數內容並非性侵兒童，但仍然有太多的確是。

After a 15-year-old girl went missing in Florida, her mother found her on Pornhub — in 58 sex videos. Sexual assaults on a 14-year-old California girl were posted on Pornhub and were reported to the authorities not by the company but by a classmate who saw the videos. In each case, offenders were arrested for the assaults, but Pornhub escaped responsibility for sharing the videos and profiting from them.

佛羅裡達州一名15歲女孩失蹤後，她的母親在Pornhub上的58個色情視頻中找到了她。一名14歲的加州女孩遭受性侵的視頻被發到了Pornhub上，將此事報告當局的並非這家公司，而是女孩的一位看到這些視頻的同學。兩案中的罪犯都因侵犯行為被逮捕，但Pornhub逃脫了傳播視頻並從中獲利的責任。

Pornhub is like YouTube in that it allows members of the public to post their own videos. A great majority of the 6.8 million new videos posted on the site each year probably involve consenting adults, but many depict child abuse and nonconsensual violence. Because it’s impossible to be sure whether a youth in a video is 14 or 18, neither Pornhub nor anyone else has a clear idea of how much content is illegal.

Pornhub和YouTube一樣，允許大眾上傳自己的視頻。在該網站每年發布的680萬條新視頻中，絕大多數可能都包括自願的成年人，但也有許多描繪了虐待兒童和非自願的暴力。因為不可能確定視頻中的年輕人是14歲還是18歲，無論是Pornhub還是其他任何人都不清楚究竟有多少內容是違法的。

Unlike YouTube, Pornhub allows these videos to be downloaded directly from its website. So even if a rape video is removed at the request of the authorities, it may already be too late: The video lives on as it is shared with others or uploaded again and again.

與YouTube不同的是，Pornhub允許用戶直接從其網站下載這些視頻。因此，即使某個強姦視頻應當局要求被刪除，也可能為時已晚：在不斷分享和上傳的過程中，該視頻將永遠存在下去。

Pornhub is owned by Mindgeek, a private pornography conglomerate with more than 100 websites, production companies and brands. Its sites include Redtube, Youporn, XTube, SpankWire, ExtremeTube, Men.com, My Dirty Hobby, Thumbzilla, PornMD, Brazzers and GayTube. There are other major players in porn outside the Mindgeek umbrella, most notably XHamster and XVideos, but Mindgeek is a porn titan. If it operated in another industry, the Justice Department could be discussing an antitrust case against it.

Pornhub由Mindgeek所有，後者是一家私營色情內容集團，旗下擁有超過100家網站、製作公司和品牌。其網站包括Redtube、Youporn、XTube、SpankWire、ExtremeTube、Men.com、My Dirty Hobby、Thumbzilla、PornMD、Brazzers和GayTube。除了Mindgeek的麾下企業之外，色情產業中還有其他重要的公司，最著名就是XHamster和XVideos，但Mindgeek絕對是一個色情巨頭。如果換個行業，司法部可能都已經在討論針對它的反託拉斯訴訟了。

Pornhub and Mindgeek also stand out because of their influence. One study this year by a digital marketing company concluded that Pornhub was the technology company with the third greatest-impact on society in the 21st century, after Facebook and Google but ahead of Microsoft, Apple and Amazon.

Pornhub和Mindgeek也因其影響力而非同一般。今年，一家數字營銷公司的研究得出結論稱，Pornhub是21世紀對社會影響第三大的科技公司，僅次於Facebook和谷歌，領先於微軟、蘋果和亞馬遜。

Nominally based in Luxembourg for tax reasons, Mindgeek is a private company run from Montreal. It does not disclose who owns it, but it is led by Feras Antoon and David Tassillo, both Canadians, who declined to be interviewed.

由於稅收原因，Mindgeek名義上設在盧森堡，實際上是一家位於蒙特婁的私營公司。它沒有公開所有者的姓名，但其負責人費拉斯·安東和大衛·塔西洛都是加拿大籍，兩人都拒絕接受採訪。

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of Canada calls himself a feminist and has been proud of his government’s efforts to empower women worldwide. So a question for Trudeau and all Canadians: Why does Canada host a company that inflicts rape videos on the world?

加拿大總理賈斯汀·特魯多(Justin Trudeau)自稱是女權主義者，並對其政府為全球女性賦權的努力感到自豪。因此，這裡有一個問題要問特魯多和所有加拿大人：為什麼加拿大會有一家向全世界傳播強姦視頻的公司？

Mindgeek’s moderators are charged with filtering out videos of children, but its business model profits from sex videos starring young people.

Mindgeek的內容審核員有責任過濾掉兒童視頻，但其商業模式卻從由年輕人主演的性視頻中盈利。

「The goal for a content moderator is to let as much content as possible go through,」 a former Mindgeek employee told me. He said he believed that the top executives weren’t evil but were focused above all on maximizing revenue.

「內容審核人的目的是讓越多的內容通過越好，」一名Mindgeek前員工告訴我。他說他認為高管並不壞，但只關心如何讓利潤最大化。

While Pornhub would not tell me how many moderators it employs, I interviewed one who said that there are about 80 worldwide who work on Mindgeek sites (by comparison, Facebook told me it has 15,000 moderators). With 1.36 million new hours of video uploaded a year to Pornhub, that means that each moderator would have to review hundreds of hours of content each week.

儘管Pornhub不願意告訴我該公司僱傭了多少內容審核員，我的一個採訪對象說全世界約有80人在Mindgeek的網站工作（相比之下，Facebook告訴我該公司有1.5萬名內容審核員）。每年會有136萬小時的新視頻會上傳到Pornhub，這意味著每個審核員必須每周要審核數以百計小時的內容。

The moderators fast forward through videos, but it’s often difficult to assess whether a person is 14 or 18, or whether torture is real or fake. Most of the underage content involves teenagers, the moderator I spoke with said, but some comes from spy cams in toilets or changing rooms and shows children only 8 to 12.

這些審核員會快進看完視頻，但往往很難評估一個人到底是14歲還是18歲，或者折磨行為是真是假。我採訪的審核員說，大多數未成年人內容都是青少年，但一些內容來自於廁所裡或更衣室的偷拍攝像頭，裡面的兒童只有8到12歲。

「The job in itself is soul-destroying,」 the moderator said.

「這份工作本身就很毀人，」這名審核員說。

So what’s the solution?

那麼解決方案是什麼？

I had expected the survivors to want to shut down Pornhub and send its executives to prison. Some did, but others were more nuanced. Lydia, now 20, was trafficked as a child and had many rape videos posted on the site. 「My stomach hurts all the time」 from the tension, she told me, but she doesn’t want to come across as hostile to porn itself.

我曾認為倖存者會想要關停Pornhub，讓其高管坐牢。一些人確實這麼想，但其他人的想法有一些細微差別。如今20歲的莉迪亞(Lydia)幼時遭到人口販賣，Pornhub上有許多她被強姦的視頻。由於緊張，「我總是肚子疼，」她告訴我，但她不想被人認為她的敵意是針對色情片本身的。

「I don’t want people to hear 『No porn!』」 Lydia told me. 「It’s more like, 『Stop hurting kids.』」

「我不希望大家聽到的是『禁止色情！』」莉迪亞對我說。「我所希望的是『不要傷害孩子』。」

Susan Padron told me that she had assumed that pornography was consensual, until a boyfriend filmed her in a sex act when she was 15 and posted it on Pornhub. She has struggled since and believes that only people who have confirmed their identities should be allowed to post videos.

蘇珊·帕德龍告訴我，她以前一直認為色情內容是雙方自願的，直到在她15歲的時候，男朋友把她的性愛視頻帖到Pornhub上。此後，她一直在痛苦中掙扎，並且認為應該只有確認了身份的人，才能發布視頻。

Jessica Shumway, who was trafficked and had a customer post a sex video on Pornhub, agrees: 「They need to figure out who’s underage in the videos and that there’s consent from everybody in it.」

傑西卡·舒姆韋也持同樣的看法。她也被迫拍攝了性愛視頻，有個顧客還把一段視頻貼在了Pornhub上。「他們需要明確視頻中是否有未成年人，而且需要徵得所有人的同意才能發布。」

I asked Leo, 18, who had videos of himself posted on Pornhub when he was 14, what he suggested.

我問18歲的利奧，他有什麼建議沒有。他14歲開始就有自己的視頻被發布在Pornhub上。

「That’s tough,」 he said. 「My solution would be to leave porn to professional production companies,」 because they require proof of age and consent.

「那太難了，」他說。「我的辦法是，把色情內容交由專業的製作公司」，因為它們會要求出示年齡證明和籤知情書。

Right now, those companies can’t compete with mostly free sites like Pornhub and XVideos.

目前，這些公司還無法與Pornhub和XVideos之類基本免費的網站競爭。

「Pornhub has already destroyed the business model for pay sites,」 said Stoya, an adult film actress and writer. She, too, thinks all platforms — from YouTube to Pornhub — should require proof of consent to upload videos of private individuals.

「Pornhub已經摧毀了付費網站的商業模式，」成人片演員和作家斯託亞(Stoya)說。她也認為，從YouTube到PornHub，所有的平臺都應該要求上傳個人視頻的時候出示同意證明。

Columnists are supposed to offer answers, but I struggle with solutions. If Pornhub curated videos more rigorously, the most offensive material might just move to the dark web or to websites in less regulated countries. Yet at least they would then not be normalized on a mainstream site.

專欄作家應該給出答案，但我卻拿不出好辦法。如果Pornhub對視頻嚴格管理的話，那麼最不堪入目的內容可能跑去暗網或者那些管理不嚴的國家的網站。不過這樣一來，至少它們就不會在一個主流網站上成為常態。

More pressure and less impunity would help. We’re already seeing that limiting Section 230 immunity leads to better self-policing.

增加壓力和懲罰也會有所幫助。我們已經看到，限制第230節豁免權帶來了自律的強化。

And call me a prude, but I don’t see why search engines, banks or credit card companies should bolster a company that monetizes sexual assaults on children or unconscious women. If PayPal can suspend cooperation with Pornhub, so can American Express, Mastercard and Visa.

叫我假正經好了，但我就是不明白，為什麼搜尋引擎、銀行或者信用卡公司要支持一個靠性侵兒童或者昏迷女性掙錢的公司。如果PayPal可以暫停跟Pornhub的合作，美國運通(American Express)、萬事達(Mastercard)和維薩(Visa)也可以。

I don’t see any neat solution. But aside from limiting immunity so that companies are incentivized to behave better, here are three steps that would help: 1.) Allow only verified users to post videos. 2.) Prohibit downloads. 3.) Increase moderation.

我看不到有任何周全的解決方案。但是，除了限制豁免權，激勵企業不可胡來之外，以下三個步驟也會有所幫助：1）只允許經過驗證的用戶發布視頻；2）禁止下載；3）加強審核。

These measures wouldn’t kill porn or much bother consumers of it; YouTube thrives without downloads. Siri Dahl, a prominent porn star who does business with Pornhub, told me that my three proposals are 「insanely reasonable.」

這些措施並不會扼殺色情片，也不會給其消費者帶來太大困擾；YouTube不能下載，照樣蓬勃發展。跟Pornhub有生意往來的著名成人明星西裡·達爾(Siri Dahl)告訴我，我的三個建議「非常合理」。

The world has often been oblivious to child sexual abuse, from the Catholic Church to the Boy Scouts. Too late, we prosecute individuals like Jeffrey Epstein or R. Kelly. But we should also stand up to corporations that systematically exploit children. With Pornhub, we have Jeffrey Epstein times 1,000.

從天主教會到童子軍，這個世界往往對兒童遭到的性虐待視而不見。起訴傑弗裡·愛潑斯坦和R·凱利(R. Kelly)這樣的傢伙，往往為時已晚。但我們還是應該站出來，反對那些有組織地剝削兒童的公司。有了Pornhub，我們就有了1000個傑弗裡·愛潑斯坦。

英 [ˈstiːmi]  美 [ˈstiːmi] 

adj. 蒸汽的；霧重的，潮溼的；充滿蒸汽的

英 [ˈmʌnɪtaɪz]  美 [ˈmɑːnɪtaɪz] 

v. 把……定為貨幣，使成為合法貨幣；鑄造成貨幣；（通過網站訪客）賺錢

英 [ˈnjuːɑːns]  美 [ˈnuːɑːns] 

n. 細微差別

英 [ˈrɪɡərəsli]  美 [ˈrɪɡərəsli] 

adv. 嚴厲地；殘酷地

n. 細微差別

英 [ˈprɒsɪkjuːt]  美 [ˈprɑːsɪkjuːt] 

vt. 檢舉；貫徹；從事；依法進行

vi. 起訴；告發；作檢察官

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