在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞，叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式；動名詞和分詞。分詞又包括現在分詞和過去分詞。
一、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點有：
1. 非謂語動詞由於不能用作謂語，因而沒有語法上的主語，但它往往有邏輯上的主語。如：
How can I get to know her? 我怎麼能認識她呢？（不定式to know 的邏輯主語是 I ）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（動詞不定式的邏輯主語是them）
I can’t bear him staying up so late. 我不能忍受他這麼晚睡。
（動名詞 staying up 的邏輯主語是 him）
We being League member, the work was well done.（現在分詞的邏輯主語是We）
Who is that speaking? 您是哪一位？（現在分詞的邏輯主語是 that）
They plan further talks with interested parties on this question.
他們就此問題打算與有關各方進一步談判。（過去分詞interested parties 的邏輯主語是 parties）
2. 非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。非謂語動詞短語往往可以轉化成各種從句。如：
The man standing there is our English teacher. The man who is standing there is our English teacher. 站在那兒的那個人是我們的英語教師。（現在分詞短語轉化為定語從句）
3. 非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用（如動詞不定式和動名詞），在句中做主語、賓語、表語。
The foreign guests hope to join the National Day celebration of Beijing. The foreign guests hope that they can join the National Day celebration of Beijing.
外賓希望參加北京的國慶慶祝會。（不定式短語轉化為賓語從句）
I regret being unable to help. I regret that I cannot help.
我感到抱歉，不能幫助你。（動名詞短語轉化為賓語從句）
4. 非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中作狀語。
非謂語動詞在句子中能夠做的成分：
二、非謂語動詞用法：
（一）動名詞：
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵，又具有名詞的句法功能。
1、動名詞的形式：
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。（一般式）
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。（被動式）
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。（完成式）
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。（完成被動式）
I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。（否定式）
2、動名詞的句法功能：
1）作主語：
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It’s no use crying. 哭是沒用的。
2）作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。
Our work is serving the people．我們的工作是為人民服務。
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的愛好是集郵。
3）作賓語：
They haven’t finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我們必須阻止空氣被汙染。
注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個例句。此外，動名詞作賓語時，若跟有賓語補足語，則常用形式賓語it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動詞及短語要跟動名詞作賓語：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider,
admit（承認），deny（否認）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒險）,
appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of,
dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from), keep …from, stop…（from）, protect…from,
set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to,
object to, pay attention to, insist on
4）作定語：
He can’t walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
5）作同位語：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。
（二）現在分詞：
現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特徵，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現在分詞的形式：
1）現在分詞的主動語態：現在分詞主動語態的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生，完成式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生，常作狀語。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basketball. 做完作業，他開始打籃球。
2）現在分詞的被動語態：一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發生的被動的動作，完成式表示發生在謂語動詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍，這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。
2、現在分詞的句法功能：
1）作定語：現在分詞作定語，當分詞單獨做定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前，如果是分詞短語做定語放在名詞後。
I like the book lying there.
In the following years he worked even harder. 在後來的幾年中，他學習更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father.
正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
現在分詞作定語相當於一個定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the man speaking 可改為the man who is speaking.
2）現在分詞作表語：
The argument is very convincing．他的論點很令人信服。
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現在進行時，也可能是現在分詞做表語，它們的區別在於be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時，而表示特徵時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
3）作賓語補足語：
如下動詞後可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave,
catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
4）現在分詞作狀語：
A）作時間狀語：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工廠工作時，他是一名先進工人。
B）作原因狀語：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由於是共青團員，他經常幫助他人。
C）作方式狀語，表示伴隨：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家裡，又擦又洗。
D）作條件狀語：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就會浪費寶貴的時間。
E）作結果狀語：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結果摔得粉碎。
F）作目的狀語：
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去遊泳了。
G）作讓步狀語：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
H）與邏輯主語構成獨立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.我等汽車時，一隻鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經賣光了，他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting, we』ll do another two exercises. 如果時間允許，我們將做另兩個練習。
有時也可用with (without) +名詞（代詞賓格）+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。
H）作獨立成分：
Judging from (by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外表看，他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細心。
（三）過去分詞：
過去分詞只有一種形式：規則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則要求，要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能：
1、作定語：
I don't like the book written by Martin.
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當過去分詞是單詞時，一般用於名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的後面。過去分詞做定語相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
2、過去分詞作表語：
They were very excited at the news．聽到這個消息，他們非常激動。
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意be + 過去分詞，如果表示狀態是系表結構，如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被動）
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的，不表示被動，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（開水）
fallen leaves（落葉）
newly arrived goods（新到的貨）
the risen sun（升起的太陽）
the changed world（變了的世界）
這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3、過去分詞作賓語補足語：
I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。
4、過去分詞作狀語：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚，他成為父母的驕傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看見，人們就忘不了。（表示時間）
Given more time, I』ll be able to do it better. 如果給予更多的時間，我能做得更好。（表示條件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
雖然被告之危險，他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。（表示讓步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼，他走進山洞。
5、過去分詞與邏輯主語構成獨立主格：
All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied.
所有的書期末時都還了，圖書管理員很高興。
The field ploughed, he began to spread seed.地耕好了，他開始撒種子。
三、現在分詞與過去分詞的區別:
1. 作表語
分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區別是考試中經常考到的地方。一般來說，表示心理狀態的動詞如excite， interest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是「激動」，「高興」，而是「使激動」、「使高興」，因而現在分詞應該是「令人激動的」、「令人高興的」，過去分詞則是「感到激動的」和「感到高興的」。所以，凡表示「令人……的」都是-ing形式，凡是表示「感到……」都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人對……感興趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時，就是說sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見的有：
interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動的--excited感到激動的
delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費解的--puzzled感到費解的
satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的
surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的
worrying令人擔心的--worried感到擔心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．
如果要學生學得太多，他們會感到糊塗的。
The game is exciting. (現在分詞作表語)
We were excited at the news. (過去分詞作表語)
2. 分詞作定語
分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點：
1)現在分詞表示主動意義，過去分詞一般表示被動含意。
2)現在分詞表示正在進行，過去分詞表示狀態或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house．他衝進了正在燃燒著的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother．站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房間是我們的教室。
He is an advanced teacher．他是個先進教師。
3）下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義，這點要注意：
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired,
returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled,
newly-arrived, recently-come
3. 分詞作狀語
現在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區別在於兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關係的區別。
1）現在分詞作狀語時，現在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關係是主動關係。
He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去後將門隨手關上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由於不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。
Smiling, they came in.
2）過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關係是被動關係。
Cleaned, the room looks nice.
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果對這些樹多關心一些，它們本來會長得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困難的時候，我們必須設法克服。
目標測試
1.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time _______ the last bus.
A. to have caught B. to catch C. catching D. having caught
2.I must make full use of the time ________ left to me and do as much as I can for the people.
A. there being B. there is C. there are D. there to be
3.He does nothing but________ .
A. complaining B. to complaining C. complain D. to complain
4.You're going to England next year. You should now practise ________ English as much as possible.
A. speak B. to speak C. speaking D. Speak about
5.The students expected there ________ more reviewing classes before the final exam.
A. is B. being C. have been D. to be
6.If we don’t start out now, we must risk ________ the train.
A. miss B. missing C. being missed D. to miss
7.Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort ________ her?
A． please B． pleased C． to please D． having pleased
8.The bank is reported in the local newspaper ________ in broad daylight yesterday.
A. to be robbed B. robbed
C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed
9.He is an ________ teacher.
A. advancing B. advanced C. being advancing D. advance
10.________ exceptions, the rule may stand.
A. Allow for B. Allowing for C. To allow D.To allow for
11.The local health organization is reported ________ twenty-five years age hen
Dr.Adudon became its first president.
A. to be set up B. being set up
C. to have been set up D. having been set up
12.They stopped ________ , but now I’m getting interested.
A. listening B. to listen C. listen D. having listening
13.I heard him ________ the door
A. locking B. to lock C. lock D. being locking
14. We don’t want ________ any comrades lagging behind.
A. there being B. there to being C. there to be D. there is
15.Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ________ with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
A. combined B. having combined C. combine D. being combined
16.John painted her sitting in a chair with her hands ________.
A. folding B. to have folded C. to fold D. folded
17.The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man ________ prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.
A. was B. being C. is D. having been
18.His victory in the final was no more ________ than I had expected.
A. convincing B. convinced C. to convince D. being convincing
19.Lots of empty boots were found under the old man’s bed. He must have done nothing but________ .
A. drink B. to drink C. drinking D. drunk
20.I appreciated ________ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
A. having been given B. having been
C. to have been given D. to have given
21.I have got a loaf of bread ; now I’m looking for a knife________ .
A. to cut it with B. to cut with it
C. with it to cut D. it to cut with
22.There is no point________ further.
A. argue B. to argue C. arguing D. being arguing
23.The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was ________ large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
A. to provide B. providing C. having providing D. provide
24.On seeing the young child ________ into the lake, John sprang to his feet, and went to the rescue.
A. fell B. fall C. falling D. to fall
25.I am sorry to hear that you resorted ________ .
A. to cheat B. to cheating C. cheating D. cheat
26.He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ________ insufficiently popular with all members.
A. being considered B. considering.
C. to be considered D. having considered
27．The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ________ one major point in contrast with the other.
A. make B. made C. is to make D. making
28. All flights ________ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.
A. were canceled B. had been canceled
C. having canceled D. having been canceled
參考答案：
1-5 BBCCD 6-10 BCCBB 11-15 CBCCD 16-20 DBAAA
21-25 ACABB 26-28 ADD