Today, cancer causes one in every seven deaths worldwide. But how does cancer start? And what is being done to combat it?
Our bodies contain trillions of highly specialized cells, and each carries genes responsible for regulating cell growth and division. But when a genetic change disrupts this process, cells begin to grow and divide uncontrollably, thereby becoming cancer. The genetic changes that cause cancer usually happen in three types of genes: Proto-oncogenes, which signal a cell to grow and divide; Tumor Suppressor Genes, which signal a cell to stop dividing; and DNA Repair Genes, which preserve and maintain genetic codes.
Today,今天,
cancer causes one in every seven deaths worldwide.
one in every seven,意思是「每七個當中就有一個」,這句話是說:全世界每7例死亡,就有1例是癌症引起的。
But how does cancer start? 但癌症是如何開始的?
And what is being done又有什么正在被做
做什麼呢?
to combat it? 去與癌症搏鬥?
按照漢語的邏輯,這句話也就是說:抗擊癌症正在採取哪些措施?
第一段話開篇點題,首先向我們展示了癌症的殺傷力,並且拋出了兩個問題。接下來兩段話,集中為我們分析了癌症的發病原理:
Our bodies contain trillions of highly specialized cells,我們的身體含有數萬億個高度專業化的細胞,
and each carries genes 而且每個細胞都攜帶著基因
什麼基因呢?然後是一個形容詞引導的短語作後置定語:
responsible for regulating cell growth and division.
responsible for sth.,意思是「對某事負責」。這個定語也就是說:對約束細胞生長和分裂負責(的基因)。
But when a genetic change disrupts this process, 但是當遺傳變化擾亂這一過程時,
genetic來自名詞gene(基因、遺傳因子),作形容詞表示「基因的、遺傳的」;genetic change字面意思是「基因的變化」,也就是「遺傳變化」。
cells begin to grow and divide uncontrollably, 細胞開始不受控制地生長並分裂,
uncontrollably來自control(控制),做副詞表示「不受控制地」。然後是一個thereby(因此、從而)引導的現在分詞作伴隨狀語:
thereby becoming cancer. 從而成為癌症。
我們大體了解了癌症的病變主要是由於遺傳變化導致細胞不受控制地生長和分裂。接下來我們再繼續往下看,了解一下遺傳變化的具體基因類型,以及遺傳變化導致的常見結果:
The genetic changes that cause cancer 導致癌症的遺傳變化
usually happen in three types of genes:通常發生在三種類型的基因中
哪三種呢?
第一種遺傳變化的基因叫做:
Proto-oncogenes,
proto是pro-的最高級,意思是「最前面的、最開始、最原始的」,我們平時講的一款產品的「原型」,英語就叫做prototype;oncogene指的是「腫瘤基因、致癌基因」。Proto-oncogenes的字面意思是「原始腫瘤基因」,因為「癌症」本來就屬於「惡性腫瘤」,所以把proto-oncogene理解成「原癌基因」。這種基因的作用是什麼呢?然後是which引導的定語從句:
which signal a cell to grow and divide;
signal作名詞表示「信號」;作動詞可以表示「發信號、指示」。這裡也就是說:它們指示細胞生長和分裂;
第二種遺傳變化的基因叫做:
Tumor Suppressor Genes,
tumor是名詞「腫瘤」;suppressor這個詞,來自suppress(抑制、壓制),指的是「抑制物」。Tumor Suppressor Genes,也就是「腫瘤抑制基因」。然後是一個which引導的定語從句,來解釋這種基因的作用:
which signal a cell to stop dividing; 它們指示細胞停止分裂;
還有第三種遺傳變化的基因:
and DNA Repair Genes, 以及「遺傳物質修復基因」,
which preserve and maintain genetic codes. 它們保留和維護遺傳密碼。