(1) Oxford comma
「牛津逗號」(Oxford comma/serial comma/Harvard comma)是指在幾個並列結構中最後一個結構前的逗號。維基百科對此的定義是:
In English language punctuation, a serial comma, or series comma (also called an Oxford comma or Harvard comma), is a comma placed immediately after the penultimate term in a series of three or more terms.
舉個例子:Please bring me a pencil, eraser, and notebook. 這個句子中eraser後面的逗號即為牛津逗號。如果不使用牛津逗號,句子則變成:Please bring me a pencil, eraser and notebook.
目前人們關於牛津逗號的使用並沒有達成統一意見,比如美式英語中牛津逗號的使用非常廣泛,很多美式英語寫作指南(比如The Elements of Style)也規定要使用牛津逗號。而英式英語中沒有強制規定一定要使用牛津逗號,著名的《經濟學人寫作指南》(The Economist Style Guide)也提到大部分英國作家只有在需要避免歧義的情況下才使用牛津逗號。
在一些情況下,使用牛津逗號能夠消除句子中的歧義,舉個例子:
I love my parents, Lady Gaga and Humpty Dumpty.
這一句子有兩種解讀方式,第一種將我的父母,Lady Gaga和Humpty Dumpty視為並列的三者。第二種則將Lady Gaga和Humpty Dumpty解讀為我父母的名字,即:我愛我的父母,他們是Lady Gaga和Humpty Dumpty。
使用牛津逗號後,句子變成:
I love my parents, Lady Gaga, and Humpty Dumpty.
此時句子就只剩一種解讀,即將我的父母,Lady Gaga和Humpty Dumpty視為並列的三者。
不過也有反對牛津逗號的人指出,要消除歧義並不一定要用牛津逗號,更好的方法是改寫句子,比如上面句子可以改成:
I love Lady Gaga, Humpty Dumpty and my parents.
這樣也能消除歧義。
(2)分號
分號(semicolon)在地道英文中的使用很廣泛,但在中國學生的習作中很少見到有同學能夠主動用好它。
分號用來表示分句之間的停頓,其表示的停頓強於逗號,但弱於句號。分號最常見的用法是分隔地位平等且聯繫緊密的兩個句子,比如:
(1) My wife would like tea; I would prefer coffee.
(2) I went to the basketball court; I was told it was closed for cleaning.
同時,在however/therefore/thus/hence/meanwhile等詞的前面要用分號連接,或者前面用句號,然後另起一句。很多同學寫作文時經常在however前面使用逗號,比如:
Some of the food crops failed, however, the cotton did quite well.
這種寫法是錯誤的,因為however在這裡不能當連詞使用,應該寫成:
Some of the food crops failed; however, the cotton did quite well. / Some of the food crops failed. However, the cotton did quite well.
韋氏詞典中也有這樣的例句:I'd like to go; however, I'd better not. [=I'd like to go, but I should not]
此外,當句子中並列項太多時,如果僅用逗號來分隔可能會有歧義,這個時候可以使用分號,比如:
The people present were Jamie, a man from New Zealand; John, the milkman's son; and George, a gaunt kind of man with no friends.
(3)冒號
冒號(colon)也是很多同學不太熟悉的一個標點符號,它主要的用法有列舉、連接意思緊密的分句或者強調等。
1. 列舉
在對並列項目進行列舉時,我們可以使用冒號來引入列舉項,例如:
The bookstore specializes in three subjects: art, architecture, and graphic design.
需要注意的是,英文冒號需要用在一個完整的句子後面,也就是說,句子的主語和謂語之間、謂語和賓語之間、介詞和賓語之間、系動詞和表語之間都不能使用冒號。舉個例子:
(1) The bookstore specializes in: art, architecture, and graphic design.
(2) When I graduate, I want to go to: Rome, Israel, and Egypt.
上面兩個句子的冒號使用都出現了錯誤,因為冒號前面的部分"The bookstore specializes in", "When I graduate, I want to go to" 都不是完整的句子,此時冒號將句子的謂語和賓語分開了。正確的寫法應該是:
(1) The bookstore specializes in art, architecture, and graphic design. / The bookstore specializes in three subjects: art, architecture, and graphic design.
(2) When I graduate, I want to go to Rome, Israel, and Egypt.
2. 連接意思緊密的分句
同分號一樣,冒號也可以連接兩個分句,此時第二個句子通常是對第一個句子進行解釋。比如:
A dolphin is not fish: it is a warm-blooded mammal.
值得注意的一點是,分號後面的句子首字母不需要大寫,但如果分號後面跟著兩個或兩個以上的句子,則句子首字母要大寫,比如:
He made three points: First, the company was losing over a million dollars each month. Second, the stock price was lower than it had ever been. Third, no banks were willing to loan the company any more money.
3. 強調
冒號在句子中也可以起到強調的作用,此時它的作用跟破折號(em dash)類似,比如:
After three weeks of deliberation, the jury finally reached a verdict: guilty.
以上是英語標點符號使用的幾點注意事項,關於英文標點符號的更多使用規範,請訪問hotessay官方網站