短文填空
知識清單
一、 考點分析
短文填空要求考生根據所給短文內容考查考生對短文的理解和詞彙的掌握情況。主要測試理解能力和詞彙的運用能力。考查內容一般涉及以下方面:
1. 對短文內容的判斷
短文填空的題材多樣,包括幽默故事、人物傳記、科普小品、新聞報導、歷史文化、人生哲理等。有的貼近學生生活實際,能激發學生的學習熱情,啟發他們的思維。有的介紹最新的科研動態和科研成果等特點、用途等。有的講述人生哲理,給人以啟迪。
2. 對詞性、單詞適當形式和短文內容的判斷
短文填空的考查形式主要以選詞填空、首字母填空為主,兼顧中文提示和單詞的適當形式。單詞的適當形式有名詞的單複數形式,時態和語態和非謂語形式以及選擇句子填空。難度較大的是根據短文內容完成短文。答題時,可以適當參考閱讀理解的解題步驟和技巧。
3. 對其他方面的判斷。
短文填空對其他方面的判斷出現的頻率較低,多數文章不設此類題目。主要是在解題時,考生了解其要點或未盡事宜,以便判斷文章內容或來源,以便推測前後可能出現的內容;這就要求考生對文章有更深層次的理解。
二、 解題步驟
1. 閱讀原文、捕捉信息、理解大意。先通讀原文,捕捉文中所提供的信息,抓住文章內容概略,理解短文的大意和理清全文脈絡。
2. 審讀題目、找出相關依據判斷。讀懂短文內容後再審讀題目,把握每個待判定句子的含義,通過尋讀法在原文中找出與每個問題相關的段落與詞句,然後依據短文內容對試題所給出的句子進行是非判斷。
3. 重讀短文,逐題復檢、核查無誤。完成正誤判斷後必須將短文重讀一遍,加深對短文的理解,在此基礎上再對每一道題進行複查,對有些似是而非的句子,一定要重新認真識別。尤其對於深層理解的句子,原文沒有提供直接或間接的答案,我們應仔細斟酌,復讀文章,敲定最後答案。
提分策略
怎麼做好短文填空是考生複習最關心的問題。短文填空儘管以不同的形式出現,但是解題時卻有很多相同之處。解題時需要注意以下幾點:
1. 通讀全文,弄清短文大意。
越過空格,通讀全文,通過掌握的基本常識和邏輯思維了解文章的大意,理清文章的脈絡,同時還要注意某些與空格有關的關鍵信息,為填寫空格打好基礎。
2. 復讀短文,運用技巧,前後照應,確定答案。
掌握了短文的大意之後,答題時就有把握了。然後再根據文中前後信息,確定正確的答案。
①根據句子的語法結構判斷所填詞是什麼詞類。
②根據上下文判斷所填寫的單詞用什麼形式(動詞涉及時態、語態、非謂語動詞等;形容詞和副詞涉及比較級等;名詞涉及單複數;數詞分基數詞和序數詞等等)。
③注意同義詞語、形容詞與副詞等之間的區別。
④還要注意某些特殊的語法要求和結構。
3. 復讀檢驗,消除疏漏。
答案基本確定之後,我們還要再次閱讀全文,認真檢查是否存在疏漏,意義是否連貫,語法是否有誤,是否符合邏輯,是否存在拼寫錯誤等。由於考試時間有限,很多同學答題時比較快,往往做完後不進行仔細檢查,於是會出現不應該發生的錯誤,這樣就把不該丟掉的分數丟掉了,非常可惜。
【例1】 (2014·北京)
閱讀短文,根據短文內容,從短文後的五個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項,選項中有一項為多餘選項。
Peter lost his friend's book,He felt very sad. Kate broke her mom's favorite cup. 1 She was so sorry for her mistake.
We all make mistake because we're human. And it's not always easy to get on well with everyone all the time. Sometimes we hurt people's feelings although we don't do it on purpose. Sometimes we hurt people's feelings on purpose. 2 So we apologize(道歉).
An apology tells someone that we're sorry for our mistakes. It's a way to show that we'll try to do better in future.
Apologies are one of the tools to build good friendships and relationships. When you say 「I'm sorry」,you probably feel bad because what you did or said hurt another person. 3 ,you're also saying that you respect the other person,and care about his or her feelings. Apologizing shows you have empathy(同感).
After apologizing,you might feel a little better 4 . When you apologize in a caring way,you might feel good because you are trying to make things right again.
A. Then she cried
B. But we feel bad later
C. When you say 「 I am sorry」
D. And you want to return his book
E. The other person will probably feel better,too
【主旨大意】 本文主要說明人都是會犯錯的,但是我們要學會為錯誤道歉,道歉是一種表明將來會做得更好的方式,也是維持友誼的工具。
【答案】1~4 A B C E
【例2】 (2014·江蘇鎮江· 56~60)
閱讀以上信息,用恰當的詞完成下面的短文,每空一詞。
is the biggest country in South America. It has one of the world's New Seven Wonders,Christ the Redeemer. Its 1 is 30 metres and its arms stretch to a width of 28 metres. Carnival,Brazil's best known festival,is 2 by people dancing samba with masks and colourful costumes. Local food acaraje is popular among people. It is in the 3 of a ball and its main material is black-eyed peas. As we know,much more 4 is always being paid to its football than to its landscape,cultural events and food. Now Brazil is 5 the 2014 World Cup. Many football fans must be crazy about watching the matches these days.
【主旨大意】 本篇文章是一篇應用文。文章通過表格的形式介紹了巴西的諸多情況:它是2014年世界盃的舉辦國,巴西國家名字的由來及其在往屆世界盃參賽中取得的成就;巴西耶穌雕像——新世界七大奇蹟之一;巴西的嘉年華狂歡節;巴西當地的特色小吃——Acaraje。
【答案】
1. height 解析:根據第二個表格句子「It stands 30 metres tall」可知Christ the Redeemer的高度為30米,注意此處要用名詞height形式。
2. celebrated 解析:根據第三個表格中的句子「Nowadays,the most famous Carnival's celebration is held in Rio de Janeiro,where thousands of people wearing masks and colourful costumes dance samba...」可知嘉年華狂歡節被那些跳森巴舞的人們慶祝,根據本句中的關鍵詞by people可知句子應該用被動語態。
3. shape/form 解析:根據第四個表格中的句子「Made from black-eyed peas that are rolled into balls」可知Acaraje被軋製成球形。所以可知Acaraje在外形或形式上是一個球狀物。
4. attention 解析:根據第一個表格中的句子「However,what makes it more famous is football.」可知在巴西比起文化、食物等人們更加注意足球。pay attention to意為「注意」,該句運用了它的被動語態形式。
5. holding/hosting 解析:根據第一個表格中的句子「Brazil is the biggest country in South America,where the 2014 World Cup is being held now.」可知現在巴西正在舉辦2014年世界盃。舉辦可以用hold或host來表示,同時句子要用現在進行時。
專項訓練
Passage 1(2014·湖北棗陽)
閱讀下面的短文,根據短文內容及首字母提示,在短文空白處填入一個恰當的詞,使短文內容完整、通順。
In American schools there is something called Homecoming Day. Many high schools and colleges w 1 a football team have a homecoming game. This can be the most i 2 event of the year except graduation or commencement(畢業典禮) day. Students plan homecoming day for many weeks in advance(預先).
Several days before Homecoming,students start to decorate(裝飾) the school. There are songs to wish luck to the team,and many other signs to welcome all the g 3 . Many people still come to Homecoming twenty or thirty years after t 4 graduation.
The members of school clubs build booths(攤位) and s 5 lemonade,apples and sandwiches. Some clubs help to w 6 visitors.
During the day people like to look for teachers that they r 7 from long ago. Often they see old friends and they talk together about those happy years in school.
Everyone soon comes to watch the football game. When the game is half over,the band comes onto the field and plays school songs. A 8 important moment is when the Homecoming Queen or King appears. All the students vote a most popular student Homecoming Queen or King. It is a great honor to be c 9 .
Homecoming is a happy day,but it won't be perfect u 10 the football team wins the game. Even if the team l 11 ,the students still enjoy Homecoming. Some stay at the school to dance,and others go to a party.
For everyone it is a day worth remembering.
Passage 2(2014·江蘇泰州)
根據短文內容及首字母提示,補全空格內單詞,使短文完整、通順。
Everyone wants to be successful. As a student,you also want to have success at school,no matter w 1 you're good at studies or not. But it's difficult to learn all the lessons well because it requires good ways and habits. If you take right ways of studying,you can m 2 great progress. Here I will offer you some a 3 .
Firstly,be sure to make up your mind to work h 4 and do well in everything you learn. It is wise of you to do your b 5 in your studies.
Secondly,it's necessary for you to have a good study habit. While s 6 ,make sure to pay attention to it. After you finish your study,don't forget to find some time for f 7 in order to help you relax as well.
Thirdly,you should try to learn every subject well. If you are w 8 in a subject,you need to encourage yourself to do well in it. You should often remind yourself why you need to study.
Finally,you had better t 9 notes in class because you cannot remember everything. These notes will be h 10 for you to review or remember what you have learnt. If you forget some points,you can go over them.
If you take all the suggestions,you will certainly develop into a better student in studies.
Passage 3(2014·山東濟南)
閱讀短文,從方框中選擇適當的動詞,並用其適當形式填空。有的需要加助動詞或不定式符號(每詞限用一次)。
kill, have, catch, work stay
Jenney is my friend. She 1 a cat. The cat is very old. So she can't run quickly and she can't bite,either.
One day the old cat saw a mouse. She jumped and 2 the mouse. But she could not bite it,so the mouse jumped out of her mouth and ran away.
Jenney became very angry because the mouse couldn't 3 by the cat. She began to hit the cat. 「Don't hit your old servant,」 the cat said. 「Dear Jenney,I 4 here for you for many years. Although I am too old,I 5 . You should be friendly to me.」
Please remember what good work the old did when they were young.
Passage 4(2013·湖北黃岡)
根據括號內的漢語提示完成句子。(每空一詞)
1. There are two (刀) and three forks on the desk.
2. What (其他的) do you like,Jack?
3. In a basketball match,players move (朝向) one end of the court while throwing the ball to each other.
4. That company (提供) us with 3,000 dollars in 2012.
5. In China,we shouldn't (指向) at anyone with our chopsticks.
6. Talking loudly in a library,a museum,or a movie theater is (不禮貌的).
Passage 5(2013·河南)
閱讀短文,從方框中選擇適當的詞並用其正確形式填空,使短文通順、意思完整。請將答案寫在相應題號的橫線上。每空限填一詞,每詞限用一次。方框中有兩個詞是多餘的。
angry,invite,however,with,please,from,visitor,celebrate,taste,soup,fine,he
One day a visitor came to Nasreddin's house. 「I am your cousin 1 Konya,」he said. 「And I have brought you a duck to 2 the visit.」 Nasreddin was 3 . He asked his wife to cook the duck,and served the visitor a 4 dinner.
The next day another visitor arrived. 「I am the friend of the man who brought you the duck,」 he said. Nasreddin invited him in and gave 5 a good meal. The next day another visitor arrived,and said he was the friend of the friend of the man who had brought the duck. Again Nasreddin invited him in for a meal.
6 ,he was getting a bit angry. 7 seemed to be using his house as a restaurant.
Then another visitor came,and said he was the friend of the friend of the friend of the man who had brought the duck. He was 8 in. Nasreddin's wife brought some 9 to the table and the visitor tasted it. 「What kind of soup is this? It 10 just like warm water.」 「Ah!」 said Nasreddin. 「That is the soup of the soup of the soup of the duck.」
Passage 6(2013·山西)
根據語篇內容,用方框中所給詞的正確形式填空,使短文通順、連貫。方框中有兩個詞為多餘項。
one,fill,quick,write,except,interest,yo,late,come,story,unless,young
Just look at how much young writers like Han Han and Guo Jingming are loved,we may know writing has become a fashion among today's teenagers.
Gao Can,a 13-year-old girl,is the 1 member of the Association of Writers of Shanxi. She writes fairy tales,short 2 ,and most of all,poems. Gao said she began poem writing when she was in primary school. Once the teacher asked the class 3 a composition called 「If I were...」 Gao had an idea,「Why not make it a poem?」 That was her 4 poem,and it won a lot of compliments from both her teacher and classmates. So far,hundreds of her poems 5 out.
「Writing poems is not difficult at all. Just express 6 what you do,what you see or what you think.」 Said Gao. 「I don't have enough life experience,so I write about nature,about things I feel inside.」
However,teenagers these days seldom write poem or read them because exams want any kind of articles 7 poems.
But like Gao,there are still students who like poems. Hu Jingzhi is one of them. The 14-year-old boy said he was 8 in poem writing. But it was annoying that he couldn't find poem collections in nearby bookshops.
Gao agreed with Hu. She said today's bookshops 9 with books on 「how to give a successful speech」,「how to know what others think」 or 「how to make money 10 」.
「Poems won't teach you how to make money,but the beautiful words clear your mind and activate your imagination.」 Said Gao. 「At least read poems—for the nice things in life.
Passage 7(2013·上海)
在短文的空格內填入適當的詞,使其內容通順。每空格限一詞,首字母已給出。
At some time in your life,you might have a roommate. It is a good idea to share a flat,especially for students or people who have just finished school,because flats are usually expensive. And m 1 is not the only reason for having a roommate. Sharing a flat can be fun.
But life with a roommate can also be a t 2 experience. Some experts(專家) did a study of college students who shared a room. They found that students who had problems with their roommates were not happy at school and were more likely to get sick than other students. So,how can you l 3 with a roommate and enjoy it? Here is some advice:
Being roommates with a friend can be hard. Friends may be different when you stay with them all the time from when you don't see them very o 4 . So,before you plan to share a room with a friend,discuss the situation carefully.
If you decide to share a room with someone you don't know,talk to each other. It's important to be h 5 about your habits and things you hate.
When you move in with a roommate,make rules. Decide how you will share h 6 ,such as cleaning,washing and shopping. Will you share food? Is it OK to have guests? And what about loud music?
Don't get angry at small things that your roommate does. Try to f 7 the unhappy things between you and your roommate. No one—including you—is perfect.
Passage 8(2013·江蘇連雲港)
Mo Yan,the 1 of 2012 Nobel Prize for Literature,is extremely popular now. He is 2 as one of the greatest writers in China.
Mo Yan is fifty seven,and his real name is Guan Moye. The name of Mo Yan 3 「Don't Speak」. The writer said he chose the name 4 remember to stop his tongue from getting himself in trouble. Mo Yan began 5 in the 1970s,and his 6 novel was 「Falling Rain on a Spring Night」,published in 1981. Then his second and more books were published,including 「Red Sorghum(紅高粱)」 and 「Big Breasts and Wide Hips」.
CCTV reporter Dong Qian once said to him,「I always feel that a writer is 7 a hen,and his works are like eggs. We may not always wonder 8 the hen looks like while we eat eggs. But this time,it's a golden egg. So naturally,everybody becomes curious(好奇的) about this hen who laid a golden egg. That's why you've drawn so 9 attention.」
is celebrating the success of this native son. Minutes 10 the award was announced,millions of Chinese expressed pleasure and pride for Mo Yan in their own ways.
參考答案與解析
Passage 1
1. with 2. important 3. graduates 4. their 5. sell
6. welcome 7. remember 8. Another 9. chosen 10. unless 11. loses
Passage 2
1. whether 2. make 3. advice 4. hard 5. best 6. studying 7. fun 8. weak 9. take 10. helpful
Passage 3
1. has 2. caught 3. be killed 4. have worked 5. will stay
Passage 4
1. knives 2. else 3. towards 4. provided 5. point
6. impolite
Passage 5
1. from 2. celebrate 3. pleased 4. fine 5. him 6. However 7. Visitors 8. invited 9. soup 10. tastes
Passage 6
1. youngest 2. stories 3. to write 4. first 5. have come 6. yourself/yourselves 7. except 8. interested 9. were filled
10. quickly
Passage 7
1. money 2. terrible 3. live 4. often 5. honest
6. housework 7. forget
Passage 8
【主旨大意】本文主要介紹莫言在獲獎之後,無數中國人對莫言用自己的方式表達滿意和自豪。
1. winner 解析:由後面的「Nobel Prize for Literature」可知是「獲得者,獲勝者,得主」。故填winner。
2. considered/regarded/famous/well-known 解析:「considered/regarded/famous/well-known as(被看作是……)」是固定搭配。
3. means 解析:由上下文判斷,此處應該填動詞;「Don't Speak」作賓語是動詞所表達的意思。故填means。
4. to 解析:動詞之前應該用不定式符號。故填to。
5. writing 解析:由後面的「novel」可知是「開始寫小說」。「begin doing sth」是固定搭配。故填writing。
6. first 解析:根據上文判斷,此處應該是他的第一部小說。故填first。
7. like 解析:根據句意判斷,作家不是母雞,但兩者之間有想像關係因此填介詞like。
8. what 解析:由句子結構和「look like」判斷,這裡應該用從屬連詞來引導賓語從句。故填what。
9. much 解析:attention是不可數名詞,之前應該用much來修飾。故填much。
10. after 解析:根據上文判斷,此處應該是在獲獎之後。故填after。