高考英語閱讀理解解題技巧和經典題型

　　1、閱讀的方法可以使用以下幾種：

　　（1）跳讀：就是快速的一步閱讀法。實際上是有選擇閱讀，找關鍵詞。用這種閱讀方法回答who、what、when、where之類的問題最為有效。

　　（2）略讀：指比跳讀慢些的二步閱讀法。即泛泛地、粗略地快速閱讀，目的是了解大意，對文章有個總的概念。此種閱讀方法能回答why、how之類的問題。

　　（3）精讀：即最細緻、最慢的深層閱讀方法，目的是求得對所讀文章的全部意義的理解與掌握。

　　2、在使用閱讀技巧時儘量做到以下幾點：

　　（1）帶著問題閱讀短文。

　　（2）找出主題句、確定中心思想。

　　（3）推斷單詞、句子和文章的含義。

　　（4）儘快選擇答案。

　　二、不同體裁文章的特點

　　1、記敘文

　　記敘文又可分傳記類和故事類。

　　傳記類文章在閱讀中時間是全文的關鍵，根據時間我們可以找到相關的事件，抓住文章的主要內容。

　　故事類文章情節性較強，閱讀時要注意故事中的時間、地點、人物和發生的事件，這些都是文章中的主要內容和信息，對於準確理解文章十分重要。

　　2、說明文

　　說明文是對事物的形狀、性質、特徵、成果或功用等進行介紹，解釋或闡述的文章。把握所說明事物的特徵和本質是理解說明文的關鍵。說明事物特徵的方法很多，主要有定義法、解釋法、比較法、比喻法、數字法、圖表法、引用法和舉例法等。

　　（1）數字說明文

　　在閱讀數字說明文時要特別注意文中數字的含義，從這些數字中可以找到文章的主要內容。

　　（2）解釋說明文

　　解釋說明文著重說明事物的本質、特徵和功用等。許多科普文章都屬於這一類。在閱讀這類文章時要學會解決what, how, why 等一類的問題。它們是文章的關鍵。如能帶著這些問題閱讀，將會更迅速抓住文章的主題。

　　（3）比較說明文

　　比較說明文是通過對比方法說明問題。在閱讀這類文章時要善於把握全篇陳述的基本傾向。作者在談論一個有爭議的問題時總要顧及到爭議的各個方面。但是，在一般情況下，作者的陳述總要傾向於某一種觀點。

　　3、應用文

　　應用文涉及的範圍比較廣，包括廣告、通知、書信等。應用文一般語言簡潔，省略及不規範的句子較多。閱讀時一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息，並運用這些信息去解決問題。因此對題幹的理解尤為重要。

　　閱讀理解的考題分為客觀理解題(是指在短文中客觀存在的事實，客觀信息的答案一般都可以在原文中找到。即理解文中的具體事實或抽象概念)和主觀理解題(這類問題都不可能直接從原文中找到答案，須通過閱讀文章對文章主旨和深層含義有更深理解，並據此進行判斷和推理)。

　　其中細節理解題和猜測詞義題屬於客觀題；主旨大意題和推理判斷題屬於主觀題。

　　針對不同類型的題目，要在平時的練習過程中，結合具體的題目，給學生進行解題方法的指導和講解。對於客觀題，要提醒他們閱讀時關注文章的細節，如時間，地點或一些具體數字，在選擇答案時，務必從原文中找到確切的依據。

　　三、解題技巧

　　我們可將閱讀理解歸納為以下四大題型，根據閱讀理解題考查角度的不同，可採用不同的解題技巧來應付。

　　1、事實細節題

　　屬於細節類型的閱讀理解題一般只針對某個特定的細節，題型可以多種多樣。此類題型一般分兩種。

　　第一種是直接理解題，在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二種是詞義轉換題，正確選項是原文有關詞語和句子的轉換。

　　做此類試題一定要抓住事件發生的時間、地點、人物、發展過程和結局等環節，所選答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生義。這類題型的主要提問方式常為：

　　①Which of the following is true/NOT true in the passage?

　　②Which of the following statements is NOT discussed/mentioned in the passage?

　　③Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

　　④All the following statements are NOT true except .

　　細節題的破解一般採用尋讀法，即先看試題，再讀文章。對有關信息進行快速定位，再將相關信息進行整合、甄別、分析、對比，有根有據地排除幹擾項，選出正確答案。此法加強了閱讀的針對性，提高了做題的準確率，節省了寶貴的時間。尋讀法還特別適用於對圖形表格類題材的理解。

　　做此類型的題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關係。英語中有許多功能詞，如：表因果關係的because, since, as等；錶轉折關係的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。

　　2、猜測詞義題

　　在高考閱讀題中，考生遇到的最大障礙往往有兩個：一是被已認識的單詞的某一熟知含義所誤導；二是被完全不認識的單詞的意思所阻礙，從而出現理解偏差或理解困難，影響閱讀的速度。

　　其實解決這兩個困難的一個重要法寶是考生在心目中樹立起上下文觀念，要學會"順藤摸瓜"，通過構詞，語法，定義，同位，對比，因果，常識，上下文等線索確定詞義。在閱讀解題時要注意從以下七個方面著手：

　　（1）根據定義或解釋、說明猜測生詞的詞義

　　在be，be called，call等判斷詞出現的判斷句中，或定語從句及標點符號，可以根據已知部分，猜測生詞的含義。例如：The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通過理解定語從句的意思，能猜出herdsman是「牧人」。

　　（2）根據對比關係猜測生詞的詞義

　　在but，however，yet，otherwise，though這些表示意義轉折的連詞出現的句子中，其前後的詞有明顯對比關係，根據已知的內容，通過這種對比關係，就很容易猜出生詞的詞義了。例如：Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相對的便是「骯髒的」了，因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是「骯髒的」。

　　（3）通過因果關係猜測詞義

　　because, since與as是連接原因狀語從句的從屬連詞，so是連接表示結果的狀語從句的連詞，so...that與such...that中的that是連接結果狀語從句的。當這些信息詞出現在有生詞的句子中，通過因果關係，依據已知部分就能猜出生詞的詞義。例如：She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根據because從句所講的意思，我們就可推測trim就是「修剪」之意。

　　（4）根據生活常識猜測詞義

　　運用邏輯推理能力，自身的生活經驗及生活常識。再聯繫上下文能讀懂的部分，可以正確猜出詞義。例如：Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根據句子意思及生活經驗，wither表示「枯萎」。

　　（5）根據同等關係猜測詞義

　　同等關係，指的是一個詞，一組詞或短語在句中作同一成分，而且它們的詞義都屬於同一範疇。明顯的標誌是，這樣的詞組或短語中間常常用並列連詞and或or來連接。例如：At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 從「年齡42歲」以及與prime具有同等關係的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是「盛年時期」。

　　（6）根據列舉的事例猜測詞義

　　You can take any of the periodicals: 「The World of English」. 「Foreign Language Teaching in Schools」, or 「English Learning」. 從後面列舉的例子中，可以猜出periodical是「期刊，雜誌」的意思。

　　（7）根據構詞法知識猜測詞義

　　根據學過的構詞法知識，知道詞根和前綴或後綴的意義，就可猜出由它們組成的新詞詞義。例如在2006年福建的高考題文章中有這樣一句：

　　The schools are reluctant to take off — even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.

　　A.kind B.unwilling C. free D.careless 【解題思路】通過破折號可知正確答案為B.

　　3、推理判斷題

　　做這類題要求考生在閱讀理解整體語篇的同時，又要求學生對作者的態度、意圖及文章細節的發展作正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度去考慮，不要固守自己的看法或觀點。不要主觀臆斷，憑空想像，任意發揮，而走入誤區。

　　學生要學會運用主題句去推測、揣摩文字背後作者的意圖，運用歸納、對比、演繹技能，運用背景知識去挖掘文章深層含義，從而正確理解作者的言外之意，同時認真體會文章的語氣與感情基調(如：否定、厭惡、反問、諷刺等)。這類試題常以如下句式發問：

　　①What can you conclude/ imply from this passage?

　　②What’s the author’s attitude（態度）towards...?

　　③We can infer /learn from the passage that...

　　如：Once there was something wrong with a machine in a factory. The workers could do nothing but turn to a German engineer for help, who drew a line on it and said, 「Take off the part where the line is and change it for a new one. 」The machine, with a new line on, began running well again. The engineer then asked for $ 30,000 for what he had done. The following were what he wrote on a bill, 「The new part only costs one dollar, and knowing where the problem with the machine is costs $ 29,999.」

　　Q: What can you conclude from this passage?

　　A. the engineer asked for too much money

　　B. the workers should pay the money

　　C. the knowledge is worth money

　　D. the new part could cost more

　　這篇短文是作者講的一個故事，那麼通過這個故事我們可以判斷出什麼呢？雖然作者沒有言明，但是我們可以斷定，發現問題的所在需要智慧和知識，知識是創造價值的源泉，因此此題的正確答案應為C。

　　4、主旨大意題

　　這種題型要求考生能夠把握文章的總體，並真正理解主題和中心；要求能較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法解題，難度較大，屬於高層次題。

　　一般主旨大意題可以分為兩類：

　　（1）確定文章的標題和主題

　　標題位於文章之首，用來高度概括文章內容，點明文章主題。它可以是單詞，短語，也可以是句子。

　　要確定文章標題，首先，要在閱讀原文的基礎上，考慮標題是否與主題密切相關；其次，看標題是否能概括全文內容。不能只概括短文中的某些事實或細節；然後，要注意標題範圍不應太大或太小；最後，標題應簡練並能吸引讀者。即：1、獨特新穎 2、概括性強 3、短小精煉。

　　常見的標題型題幹：

　　①The best title/ headline for this passage might be________.

　　②The text (passage) could be entitled ______.

　　③What is the best title for the passage?

　　④What’s the topic of the article?

　　如：In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called 「Lexico」.

　　However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from 「 Lexico」 to 「Alph」 and then to 「Criss Cross」. He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn’t have any real commercial(商業性的)success.

　　Q: The text is mainly about________.

　　A. Lexico B. Three men C . A word game D. Alfred Butts.

　　【解題思路】答案A 和C以偏概全。因此此題的正確答案應為D。

　　（2）主題句（topic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括

　　一篇文章一般表達一個中心內容或主題。這個中心內容或主題通常用一個句子來概括。此句叫做主題句。

　　一般來說，說明文和議論文都有主題句，而且多位於文章的開頭，有時也位於文章的中間或末尾。但有時不能在文中直接找到主題句，要求讀者把握每段的主題句，弄清段於段之間邏輯關係的基礎上自己歸納總結。

　　主題句必須能簡潔明了地概括全文的主要內容，具有高度的綜合性和概括性。文章或段落的其他句子都是對主題句的進一步解釋，說明，論證或擴展。

　　常見的主題句和主旨型題幹：

　　①What is the topic sentence of the passage?

　　②This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________.

　　③Which of the following gives a general idea of the passage?

　　④Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?

　　如：Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.

　　Q: What is the main idea of the passage?

　　A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.

　　B. Bingham is a diligent student.

　　C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.

　　D. A good lawyer needs good education.

　　【解題思路】 此文沒有主題句。全篇共四句，只陳述了四個細節(detail)性的事實。因此就答案本身看，個個都對。讀者只能將所有的details綜合起來，進行邏輯推理，才能構成一個沒有言明的主題思想(unstated main idea)。由於文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是：Joshua Bingham接受過良好的教育，所以答案是 Ｃ。

　　總之，閱讀水平的提高不是一兩天的閱讀就可以見效的。想要提高閱讀能力，一是要培養良好的閱讀行為習慣；如：要用眼光看，不要用手指去點；要默讀，不要小聲讀。

　　二是要積累大量的詞彙，把閱讀中的高頻難詞熟記，每次閱讀後要整理好生詞，然後記住其意思。

　　三是要廣泛地做課後閱讀，堅持每天讀1-2篇文章。

　　四是不要一遇到生詞就查字典，要先猜其意義，等做完題目後再查字典，以免影響閱讀速度。

　　四、基礎練習

　　1、故事類

　　Mr. Lang worked in a factory. As a driver, he was busy but he was paid much. His wife was an able woman and did all the housework. When he came back, she took good care of him and he never did anything at home. So he had enough time when he had a holiday. A few friends of his liked gambling(賭博) and he learned it soon. So he was interested in it and hardly forgot anything except gambling. He lost all his money and later he began to sell the television, watches and so on. His wife told him not to do it but he didn’t listen to her. She had to tell the police. He and his friends were punished for it. And he was hardly sent away. After he came out of lockup(拘留所), he hated her very much and the woman had to leave him.

　　It was New Year’s Day. Mr. Lang didn’t go to work. He felt lonely and wanted to gamble again. He called his friends and they came soon. But they were afraid the police would come. He told his five-year-old son to go to find out if there were the policemen outside. They waited for a long time and didn’t think the police would come and began to gamble. Suddenly opened the door and in came a few policemen.

　　「I saw there weren’t any policemen outside, daddy,」 said the boy, 「so I went to the crossing and asked some to come.」

　　1. Mr. Lang was paid much because _______.

　　A. he was a driver

　　B. he worked in a factoryC. he had a lot of work to do

　　D. he had worked there for a long time

　　2. Mrs. Lang did all housework because _______.

　　A. she couldn’t find any work

　　B. she thought her husband was tiredC. her husband spent all time in gambling

　　D. she wouldn’t stop her husband gambling

　　3. _______, so he was put into lockup.

　　A. Mr. Lang often gambled

　　B. Mr. Lang was late for workC. Mr. Lang didn’t help his wife at home

　　D. Mr. Lang wasn’t polite to the police

　　4. The woman had to leave Mr. Lang because _______.

　　A. he didn’t love her any longer

　　B. he wouldn’t stop gamblingC. he had been put into lockup

　　D. he was hardly sent away by the factory

　　5. Which of the following is right?

　　A. The boy hoped his father to be put into lockup again.B. The boy thought his father needed some policemen.C. The boy hoped his father to stop gambling soon.D. The boy hoped his mother to come back.

　　【答案與解析】本文講一個賭棍想要賭錢，因此叫他的兒子把風，可他的兒子卻把警察找來的故事。

　　1. C。細節題。根據第1段第2句話 As a driver, he was busy but he was paid much 可知答案為 C。

　　2. B。推斷題。根據第1段第3句話 His wife was an able woman and did all the housework. When he came back, she took good care of him and he never did anything at home 可知答案為 B。

　　3. A。推斷題。根據 His wife told him not to do it but he didn’t listen to her. She had to tell the police 可知答案為 A。

　　4. A。細節題。根據 …he hated her very much and the woman had to leave him可知答案為 A。

　　5. B。語義理解題。根據最後一句話 I saw there weren’t any policeman outside, daddy, so I went to the crossing and asked some to come 可知答案為 B。

　　（2）教育類

　　Students in many countries are learning English. Some of these students are small children. Others are teen-agers. Many are adults. Some learn at school, others by themselves. A few learn English by learning the language over the radio, on TV, or in film. One must work hard to learn another language.

　　Why do all these people want to learn English? It is difficult to answer this question. Many boys and girls learn English at school because it is one of their subjects required for study. They study their own language and maths and English: Some people learn it because it is useful for their work. Many people learn English for their work. Many people learn English for their higher studies, because at college or university some of their books are in English. Other people learn English because they want to read newspapers or magazines in English.

　　1. People learn English _______.

　　A. at school

　　B. over the radio

　　C. on TV

　　D. not all in the same way

　　2. Different kinds of people want to learn English _______.

　　A. together with other subjects

　　B. for different reas**C. for their work

　　D. for higher studies at colleges

　　3. From this passage we know that _______.

　　A. we can learn English easily

　　B. English is very difficult to learnC. English is learned by most people in the worldD. English is a useful language but one must work hard to learn

　　4. Which of the following is right?

　　A. We don’t need to learn any foreign languages.B. We can do well in all our work without English.C. English is the most important subject in schools.D. We should learn English because we need to face the world.

　　【答案與解析】這篇文章探究了學習英語熱潮的現象和發生這種現象的原因。

　　1. D。由第1段我們可以知道學習英語的形式可以over the radio, on TV, or in film等不同的方式。

　　2. B。根據第2段人們學習英語的原因有required for study, useful for their work, for high studies 等幾種。由此可推知人們學習英語的原因是不同的。

　　3. D。由於人們學習英語的各種原因可以發現英語是非常有用的。但從small children到adults(成年人)都用各種形式去學，說明英語必須靠人的努力才能學好。

　　4. D。由於文章中說很多國家都學習英語，那麼如果不學習英語就不能融入現代社會。所以學習英語的目的是we need to face the world(我們需要面對這個世界)。

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