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Hi. What's up? How are you?
嗨，你好啊！你好嗎？
Hey guys, it's Hadar and this is The Accent's Way. Today we are going to talk about American intonation.
大家好，我是 Hadar，這是 The Accent's Way 頻道。今天我們要來講講美國人講話的語調問題。
Now I know that usually in this channel I talk about pronunciation, but don't get me wrong. American intonation is not less important, and sometimes more important than pronunciation, and this is why I figured it is time to talk about American intonation.
我知道通常在這個頻道裡我會講一些發音的知識，但不要誤會我。美式語調並非不重要，有時甚至比發音更重要，這就是為什麼我覺得是時候該談談美式語調了。
So today I'm going to open the wonders of American intonation so you can start listening to English rather differently. When we talk about intonation, we are talking about three things.
所以幾年我就要來給你們「揭秘」美式語調的問題，之後你就能對聽到的英語有一些不同的理解了。講到語調，我們要談談三件事。
One is the melody - the music of the language. When I go up in pitch. When I go down - "Ha-dar".
一個是旋律——語言的音樂性。語調可以往上提高，也可以向下降——「Ha-dar」。
If I take away the words and I just play it, it's just like a song or a tune that I'm playing. So when you're listening to English or when you're speaking English, you also want to consider the melody, the notes that you're using.
如果我把單詞都去掉，只是模糊地哼一遍，它就會像我唱的一首歌或一首曲子。所以當你在聽英語或說英語的時候，你也要考慮一下你所使用的旋律和音調。
We're also going to talk about stress. Stress is what words you choose to stress in a given sentence.
我們還會講到重音問題。重音即你在一個句子中選擇重讀的單詞。
"WHAT are you doing?" Or, "What are you DOING?"
「WHAT are you doing?」或者「What are you DOING?」
'What' verses 'doing'. While there are some patterns and a neutral way of saying things, there's also a lot of freedom.
『what』和『doing』。雖然有一些固定的模式和某種平淡的說話方式，但也有很多自己改變的自由。
Of course, it depends on the context, the attitude, and many other things, but you first need to know the building blocks and the basis of what words are usually stressed and what words are not stressed for the most part. Now, lastly, we have rhythm.
當然，這取決於語境、講話者的態度和很多其他的東西，但你首先需要通常知道哪些詞是重讀的，哪些詞是不重讀的。最後就是節奏。
Rhythm is the real deal. Its the feel of the language.
節奏才是最重要的。它是一種語感。
It's really owning it once you start using American rhythm.Now, you have to understand that English is a perfect balance between the long versus short, the high versus low, the stressed versus the effortless.
一旦你開始掌握這種節奏，你就真正的懂得了美式英語。現在，你必須明白，英語是長與短、高與低、強調與放鬆之間的完美平衡。
And when you are able to balance between all these things in an effortless and clear way, this is when you become a strong speaker who is able to communicate their message in a clear and confident way. Now today, we're going to discuss all of these elements, but in the future I will release more in-depth videos about each and every subject with many, many examples and more explanation.
當你能輕鬆且清晰地在這些要素之間找到平衡之時，你就會成為一個強有力的演說家，能夠以清晰和自信的方式傳達自己的信息。今天，我們將來討論所有這些元素，但在之後，我將發布關於每一個主題的更深入的講解視頻，會有許多例子和更進一步的解釋。
Before we talk about these elements, I want to talk about the different types of words. So, in English, actually in any language, the words in the language are divided into two main groups: content words and function words.
在我們講這些元素之前，我想先講講一些不同種類的詞。在英語中，實際上在任何語言中都是這樣，單即詞是被分稱兩個主要的類別的：實詞和虛詞。
Content words are words that deliver the content. Nouns, like 'sister', 'table', 'school'.
實詞就是表達內容的詞。比如名詞有：『姐姐』、『桌子』、『學校』。
Verbs: 'go', 'run' 'swim', 'think'. Adjectives: 'beautiful', 'red', 'clean'.
動詞有：『去』、『跑』、『遊泳』、『想』。形容詞有：『美麗的』、『紅的』、『乾淨的』。
And adverbs 'slowly', 'sometimes', 'beautifully' and 'fast'. The other group is function words.
還有副詞：『慢慢地』、『有時』、『漂亮地』、『快速地』。另一種是虛詞。
These are all the small words that connect content words.They're essential to create a grammatically correct sentence, but when they stand alone they don't signify anything.
即一些連接實詞的小詞。它們是組織一個語法正確的句子時必不可少的成分，但是當它們單獨存在時，是沒有任何意義的。
We don't know exactly what they mean. We are talking here about prepositions like 'on', 'in', 'at'; verb be - 'am', 'is', 'are'; articles 'a', 'an'; determiners like 'the', 'this', 'that'.
我們不知道它們到底是什麼意思。比如有介詞『on』、『in』、『at』；『be 動詞』——『am』、『is』、『are』；冠詞『a』、『an』；限定詞『the』、『this』、『that』。
These are the words that non-native speakers struggle with when they're trying to construct a sentence because, is it "have been", "has been", "had been"? So, when we speak, there is always a strong preference towards stressing content words.
這些詞是非英語母語人士在造句時難以理解的，就好比，是該用「have been」、「has been」還是「had been」呢？所以，當我們說話的時候，總是傾向於強調實義詞。
Content words are the important words. If you say "had been" versus "have been", the message is still going to be clear.
實詞是很重要的詞。如果你把「have been」說成了「had been」，要表達的信息也仍然是清晰的。
But, if you say "red" instead of "blue", that's something completely different. So content words are always more important and that's how we treat them when we think about intonation, because content words are the words that are stressed usually, whereas function words are unstressed.
但如果你把「blue（藍色的）」說成了「red（紅色的）」，意思就完全不同了。所以實義詞總是更重要一些，我們在語調上也是這麼強調的，因為實義詞通常是重讀的詞，而虛詞是不重讀的。
And not only that they're unstressed, they were reduced to a point that it's even not clear anymore. And I'll give you a few more examples in a second.
它們不僅沒有重讀，還被縮減到了一個短音，甚至都聽不太清楚。我馬上會給你們幾個更多的例子。
Let's take for example, the sentence, and I'm going to say it broken down a little bit, "The glass is on the table." And now I'm gonna talk about all three elements: melody, word stress and rhythm.
讓我們以這個句子為例，我把它分解讀一下：「The glass is on the table.」現在我就要來談談旋律，單詞重音和節奏這三種元素。
So first of all, stress. We need to decide what are the stressed words in the sentence.
首先是重音。我們需要確定句子中的重讀詞是什麼。
So let's first recognize what are the content words. "The glass is on the table."
那麼我們先來看看其中的實義詞是哪些。「The glass is on the table.」
We have 'glass' and 'table', two nouns. And these are the words that I'm going to stress in this sentence.
裡面有『glass（玻璃杯）』和『table（桌子）』，兩個名詞。它們就是我要在句子中重讀的詞。
Not every content word is stressed the same, but for now, let's agree that these two words are the words that I choose to stress. This is where melody and rhythm comes into play.
不是所有的實義詞都要重讀，但是現在，我們就把這兩個詞當做是選擇要重讀的詞。這就是旋律和節奏的地方。
Stressed words are higher in pitch and longer. Higher in pitch, so they get a higher note.
重讀詞的音調更高，且發音更長。音調更高，即起始發音會高一些。
The first note was higher in pitch and they're longer. Okay?"The GLASS is on the TABLE."
第一個音節的音調更高，而且發音更長。「The GLASS is on the TABLE.」
So notice that I raised the pitch for 'glass' and 'table'. "The glass is on the table."
注意，我在說『glass』和『table』兩個詞時語調都是上升的。「The glass is on the table.」
Okay. So in terms of melody, when words are stressed, they're also higher in pitch. Now one more thing I want to tell you about melody is that every syllable receives a different note in English.
所以在旋律方面，當單詞被重讀時，它們的音調也會高一些。關於旋律，我還想告訴大家的是，在英語中，每個音節都有不同的音調。
It is not "The glass is on the table" It's not "The GLASS is ON the TABLE." Its not every word is going up and down.
不是就「The glass is on the table」這麼平淡。也不是「The GLASS is ON the TABLE.」不是每個詞都要那麼抑揚頓挫。
But I choose the stress words and then these are the words that are going to be higher in pitch, and from there I either go down or I go up. Every syllable takes me one step lower or higher.
而是我會選擇那些詞要重讀，然後這些詞的音高會高一些，然後再要麼下降、要麼上升。每一個音節都層層往下降低或往上升高。
In this case, "The GLASS is on the" - so I keep going down because these are not stressed words - "TA", I'm starting a new word that is stressed so I'm gonna go high in pitch. "TA-ble"."The glass is on the table."
在這個例子中，「The GLASS is on the」——因為沒有重音詞，所以我是一直往下降調的——「TA」，這裡有了一個重音詞，所以我就要升調。「TA-ble」。「The glass is on the table.」
So that's melody - what words I choose to stress and go high in pitch for. Now, while we choose to shine on the content words, the words that bring the content, in this case glass and tea bowl, by going higher in pitch and prolonging them, function words play a smaller role in this show.
這就是旋律——我選擇有哪些詞要重讀，進行升調處理。當我們選擇強調實義詞時，即那些表達了具體內容的詞，比如杯子和茶碗，我們會通過提高音調和延長音節來進行強調，虛詞則處於次要地位。
They are reduced. We kind of want to hide them.
它們會被縮減。我們會想把它們藏起來。
We want to reduce them to a point where they don't interfere or they don't compete with content words. So, if we're going back to "The glass is on the table", function words are "the", "is", "on", and another "the".
我們想要把它們縮減到一個小音節，讓它不幹擾或不影響到實詞的重要地位。所以，回到「The glass is on the table」這個句子，其中的虛詞有『the』、『is』、『on』和另一個『the』。
We reduce the vowel in those words to a schwa. A schwa is a really reduced vowel sound.
我們會把那些單詞中的元音字母縮減成一個非重讀音節的元音。即弱化元音。
It sounds something like this: "uh". To make the sound, we just drop the jaw a little bit, the tongue rests on the bottom of the mouth, the lips are relaxed, and we release sound - "uh".
聽上去就像『uh』。我們只需要把下巴往下放低一點，舌頭放在嘴的底部，嘴唇放鬆，然後我們發出「uh」的聲音。
So the vowels and the function words reduce through this "uh" sound. Therefore the word "the", okay we don't say "'thee' glass", we say "'thuh' glass."
所以元音和虛詞就被縮減到了「uh」這個音。所以「the」這個詞，我們不說「thee' glass」，而是說「thuh' glass」。
So the vowel there is a schwa sound and we connected it. It feels as if it's one word "the glass". "Is" turns into "'z".
其中的元音就變成了非重讀音節元音，再把它連起來。感覺就像一個詞——「the glass」。「is」變成了「'Z」。
"On" turns into "'n", and again we have another "'th". So it's not "is on the", its "z'n'th".
「on」變成了「'n」，然後還有一個「'th」。所以不是「is on the」，而是「z'n'th」。
We reduce the vowel and we connect the words together - "z'n'th". "Th'glass z'n'th table".
我們把元音縮減了，再把單詞都連接在一起——「z'n'th」。「Th'glass z'n'th table」。
Now notice what happens, the "is" merges with "the glass" - "the glass'z". "On" becomes 'mm' - "the glass'z'm".
這裡注意一下，「is」和「the glass」結合在了一起——「the glass'z」。「on」變成了『mm』——「the glass'z'm」
The N and TH connect - "the glass'n'th". Okay? So we can like took these three words and squeeze them into one utterance "z'n'th" - "The glass on the table."
『n』和『th』連接起來——「the glass'n'th」。所以我們可以把這三個詞合併成一個詞「z'n'th」——「The glass on the table.」。
So you get a sentence that is a perfect balance between the high and the low - "glass is on the" - between the long and the short - "glass is" - right? "Glass" is long, although it's one syllable, and "is" is really reduced and also the stress.
所以你就能說出一個完美平衡了高低音調的句子——「glass is on the」——還有長音和短音——「glass is」——對吧？儘管「glass」只有一個音節，但它的音拖長了，「is」的音節和重音就被縮減了。
So I invest more energy and I say a little louder - "GLASS z'n'th" - to be able to connect the words, and to reduce them, I have to say the consonants softer, too. Okay? It's not enough, so I have to invest less energy in those function words to be able to go through them smoothly and then be ready for the next content word where I'm gonna go higher pitch and I'm gonna prolong them.
所以我在這個詞上投入了更多的精力，說得更大聲一些——「GLASS z'n'th」——為了能夠把單詞連接起來，並縮減音節，我就得把輔音也說得更柔和一些。這還不夠，所以我必須在這些虛詞上投入更少的精力以便能夠順利地說出它們然後準備好講下一個實義詞，我將提高音高並延長那些實詞的讀音。
Let's look at another example, what if I told you that five words can be shorter than one word with one syllable. Five words are going to be shorter than one word with one syllable.
我們再來看個例子，如果我告訴你五個單詞可以比一個只有一個音節的單詞還短呢？五個單詞比一個音節的單詞還短。
How? Let's look at the next example: What are you going to do? The "do" is the verb here and that's the word that I'm going to stress, okay?
如何？讓我們來看看下一個例子：What are you going to do?其中，『do』是動詞，也就是我要重讀的詞，對吧？
Stress? Check! I know what word I'm stressing. Then, I know that in terms of melody, this word is going to be higher in pitch because that's the word I want to stress - "do".
重音詞？選好了！我知道什麼詞要重讀。然後，我知道在旋律上，這個詞的音調要高一些，因為我要強調這個詞——「do」。
So I already know the ending. The beginning is a bunch of function words, so I'm going to reduce them.
所以我已經知道結尾的語調是什麼了。句子的開頭是一串虛詞，所以我要縮減它們的讀音。
"What" turns into "wh't". "Are" turns into "'r".
「what」變成「wh't」。「are」變成「'r」。
"You" turns into "ya". "Going" to turns into "g'nna".
「you」變成「ya」。「going to」變成「g'nna」。
So instead of saying "what are you going to", we say "wadaya gonna". "Wadaya gonna do?"
所以我們會說「wadaya gonna」，而不是「what are you going to」。「Wadaya gonna do?」
So the "do" is longer than the entire first part of the sentence. It's longer than the entire sentence because five words versus one, one word with one syllable is longer than the first five.
所以「do」的發音要比句子的整個前一部分發音長一些。它比整個句子的發音還要長，因為前面的五個單詞被縮減到了一個音，這個只有一個音節的詞就比前五個詞的音還要長。
And this is why it's important to remember that rhythm is a result of your message - what you're trying to say. The words that you stress are going to be longer and louder and higher in pitch.
所以很重要的事，你要記住，節奏就是你所傳達的信息——它表明了你想要表達的到底是什麼。你要強調的詞音會更長一些，而且說的聲音要更大、音調更高。
The words that are less important for delivering your message are going to be reduced to allow everything else to stick out. In many languages, every syllable has the same beat.
那些對於傳達你的信息不那麼重要的詞就要被縮減，以凸顯出其他的內容。在很多語言中，每個音節的節拍都是相同的。
It doesn't matter if it's a content word or a function word, if it's stressed or unstressed, it receives the same length. So a sentence like this is going to sound something like "what are you going to do". Okay?
無論是實義詞還是虛詞，重讀還是不重讀，它們的節拍長度都是一樣的。所以這樣的句子說出來就是這樣的：「what are you going to do」，對吧？
So "do" is gonna be super short. "What" is going to have the same length.
「do」就會很短。「what」和「do」的節拍長度就是一樣的了。
"To" have the same length as "do" - "what are you going to do" - and then it's hard to understand what is the important part here. Okay, of course it's a simple sentence, but if we're talking about more complex sentences and there is no hierarchy between the words, it's really hard to get your point.
「to」和「do」的長度也一樣——「what are you going to do」——這麼一來就很難理解這個句子中的重點是什麼了。好吧，當然這只是一個簡單句，但如果我們講一些更複雜的句子，且單詞之間也沒有什麼等級關係的時候，那就真的會很難理解你的意思了。
"What are you gonna do?". . . Let's take a look at a sentence with several content words: There are three coins in the box.
「What are you gonna do?」……那麼我們來看一個含有多個實詞的句子：There are three coins in the box.
"There are three coins in the box" - Here, I chose to stress "coins" and "box", so these words are high in pitch. "There are three COINS in the BOX."
「There are three coins in the box」——這個句子中，我選擇強調「coins（硬幣）」和「box（盒子）」這兩個詞，所以它們的音調就要高一些。「There are three COINS in the BOX.」
"There'r" - that's reduced - "There'r three coins in the box." "N'thuh" - also reduced - "There'r three coins n'thuh box."
「There'r」——這是縮減之後的讀音——「There'r three coins in the box.」「N'thuh」——也被縮減了——「There'r three coins n'thuh box.」
I can also say "There are THREE coins in the box." And when you hear that, you know that maybe someone else thinks that there are five coins.
我還可以說成「There are THREE coins in the box.」當你聽到我這麼說時，你就會知道情景是可能有人覺得那盒子裡有五枚硬幣。
No, there are three coins in the box. Why are you confusing me?
不是的，盒子裡只有三枚硬幣。你為什麼把我弄糊塗了？
There are three coins. Why did you say there were five? Okay? So it's the same sentence but stressing a different word means something slightly different.
裡面只有三枚硬幣，你為什麼說有五枚？所以他們是同一個句子，但是因為重讀的單詞不同，要表達的意思也就有了一些不同。
Now, I want you to listen up here, and this is really important. When we speak with a foreign accent, what we do is we apply patterns that we know from our native tongue on to English.
現在，我希望你們認真聽下面這些話，很重要。當我們用外國口音說話時，我們就把熟知的母語模式應用到了英語中。
We don't do it consciously, its just that's what comes out organically. Now if we do that, if the patterns of our native tongue are different from English and sometimes contradictory to the patterns of English, the result is that the stress is not going to be clear, the message is not going to be clear.
我們不是有意這麼做的，而是自然而然就這樣了。如果我們那麼做了，如果我們的母語和英語的模式不同，有時還和英語的模式相矛盾的話，重音就會不清晰了，表達的信息也就會不清楚。
Because if you're applying external intonation and stressing things, let's say at the beginning rather than the end, and in English you want to stress the ending usually, then what happens is that you end up stressing the wrong words. Although you know how to construct the sentence, the words are accurate, you don't make any grammar mistakes.
因為如果你使用的外國語調強調的是開頭而不是結尾，而在英語中你通常想強調結尾，那麼最後你就會重讀錯單詞。即使你知道如何組織這個句子，這些單詞是準確的，你也沒有犯任何語法錯誤。
But if you don't distinguish the right words, if you don't stress the right words, if you don't put the emphasis on the words that are stressed, then you become unclear, then people may get something that is a little different from what you mean. So understanding that, recognizing your patterns, and listening to how native speakers speak, really helps you understand how English should be spoken and advances you in becoming a stronger, a more confident and a clearer speaker.
但是如果你沒有突出正確的單詞，如果你沒有重讀正確的單詞，如果你沒有把重點放在重讀的單詞上，那麼你的話語信息就變得不清楚了，人們就可能會誤解你的意思。所以了解這些、認識你的語言模式、聽聽母語人士是怎麼說的，真的能幫助你理解英語應該怎麼說，能讓你變成一個更強有力、更自信、表達更清晰的演說者。
Now I want to ask you - what, from everything that I discussed today, melody, rhythm, stress, is the most challenging for you? What are you still struggling with?
現在我想問你們的是——在我今天討論的所有內容中，旋律、節奏、壓力，對你來說最具挑戰性的是什麼？你在哪方面還有困難？
Please let me know in the comments below and don't forget to tell me where you're from and what is your native tongue, and I will do my best to create more content and lessons that will help you resolve all the issues that you're facing. Thank you so much for watching.
請在下面的評論中告訴我，並且不要忘記告訴我你來自哪裡，你的母語是什麼，我會盡我最大的努力製作更多的教學內容，幫助你們解決你們面臨的所有問題。感謝收看。
Please share the video with your friends if you liked it and you think that they may benefit from it. And don't forget to subscribe to my YouTube channel and click on the bell to get notifications so you know when I'm releasing a new video.
如果你喜歡這個視頻，或者你覺得它有所幫助，就推薦給你的朋友們吧。還有別忘了訂閱我的 YouTube 頻道，點擊那個小鈴鐺，你就會收到通知，這樣你就知道我什麼時候發布新視頻了。
Have a wonderful week and I will see you next week in the next video.
祝大家本周愉快，下周視頻再見。