#英語短語動詞#
toughen [tfn] 作動詞,意為「(使)堅硬,堅固;使堅強,使頑強」等,例如:
Do not add salt to beans when cooking as this tends to toughen the skins.
煮豆莢時別加鹽,因為這常會使豆殼變硬。
解析:as,because,for 和 since 都可以用來表示原因,其中 because 強度最大,但在正式的表示因果關係的句子中,通常不用 as ,因為它容易跟它引導的時間狀語從句混淆,讓人誤解。
The UN announced its intentions to toughen sanctions still farther.
聯合國宣布打算進一步加強制裁。
Amid toughening competition in the market, many firms are going out of business.
在激烈的市場競爭中,許多公司倒閉了。
解析:go out (of sth) 意為「被淘汰,出局;過期,不再流行」。
toughen 對應的唯一的短語動詞是 toughen up,它跟 toughen 的意思一樣,是一個可分割短語動詞,例如:
The hard work certainly toughened those boys up.
艱苦的工作無疑使那些男孩堅強起來。
You've really got to toughen up if you want to make it in this industry. There's no room for cowards or pushovers!
如果你想在這個行業裡取得成功,你真的要堅強起來。膽小鬼和易被勸服的人沒有一席之地!
解析:make it 是一個既簡短意思又豐富的短語,可以意為「獲得成功;準時到達;能夠出席;倖免於難,渡過難關」。
It was just a joke—toughen up, kid!
只是個玩笑,堅強點,孩子!
I know you think I'm hard on you, but I'm just trying to toughen you up before you go off into the real world on your own.
我知道你認為我對你很苛刻,但我只是想在你獨自進入現實世界之前讓你堅強起來。
解析:be hard on 表示嚴厲對待,嚴格批評(某人 / 某事)。
I was really sensitive to criticism, but performing standup comedy toughened me up real quick.
我對批評真的很敏感,但表演喜劇讓我很快變得堅強起來。
解析:動名詞短語 performing standup comedy 因為有名詞的語法功能,所以可以在句中作主語。
We're hoping this training course will toughen up the new interns.
我們希望這次培訓班能使新來的實習生更加堅強。