獨立主格結構
是由名詞或代詞加上分詞等構成的一種獨立結構,它本身不是句子,在句子當中作狀語表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的以及狀態等,用來修飾整個句子。
獨立主格結構的名詞或代詞與分詞之間具有邏輯上的主謂關係。
獨立主格結構的8種形式
獨立主格的構成,主要有以下8種:
1、名詞+現在分詞:
The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.姑娘兩眼望著他,他不知道說什麼好。Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.如果時間允許的話,我們明天去郊遊。2、名詞+過去分詞:
The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.隨著問題的解決,質量已經提高了。Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.由於眼鏡摔壞了,她看不見黑板上的字。3、名詞+不定式:
He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.藉助於一些舊零件,他要做一個飛機模型。They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.他們道別後,一個回了家,一個去了書店。4、名詞+形容詞或副詞:(常用來說明名詞或代詞的性質,特徵或所處的狀態)
An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive.那架飛機遭遇了空難,無一人生還。The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結束,他們就都回家了。5、名詞+介詞短語:
The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand.那男孩手裡拿著書去教室。Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.瑪麗靠近火爐坐著,背對著門。6、It being +名詞(代詞):
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.由於聖誕節的緣故,政府機關都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.由於今天是假日,所有商店都關門了。7、there +being/having been:
There being nothing else to do, we went home.沒有別的事可做,我們就回家了。There having been no rain, the crops were dying.由於沒有下雨,莊稼都快枯萎了。8、with /without引導的獨立主格
在with (without) 的複合結構中,多數情況下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。
With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.隨著現代辦公室的日益自動化,設計師們正試圖利用較為溫暖而不太嚴肅的內部裝飾來使其具有親切感。He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.He stood at the door, computer in hand.(省略掉with)他站在門口,手裡拿著一部電腦。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起來,沒有人知道它在哪裡。(without +名詞/代詞+動詞的-ing形式)Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她沒再說什麼話就離開了會議室。(without+名詞/代詞+動詞的-ed形式)
獨立主格結構的特點
獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。名詞或代詞與後面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定式,介詞等是主謂關係或動賓關係。獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。獨立主格結構在句子裡的位置
當獨立主格結構,為前面所提到的一般敘述提供細節描寫的時候,總是放在後面。如果有幾個獨立主格結構同時出現在句子末尾,這個時候,我們通常把主要的那個獨立主格結構放在句末,這樣更可以增強句子的渲染力。如果獨立主格結構所表示的事件發生在句子的謂語動詞之前,就要放在句首,這樣不會產生邏輯上的混亂。如果獨立主格結構所表示的動作,是修飾句子中前面背動詞的動作,而不是修飾後面謂語動詞的動作,這種情況下,就要把獨立主格結構放在句子中間。